THE  VALUE  OF  COTTON-SEED 

PRODUCTS  IN  THE  FEEDING 

OF  FARM  ANIMALS 

AS  A  HUMAN    FOOD   AND   AS   A   FERTILIZER 


®ljE  ^.  J4.  ptU  pfararg 


^ortt)  Carolina  ^tatc  College 

t)F99 
1^5 


•"eed  Units    , 

ES  of  the  chief  nutrients  Protein,  Fat 
determined  by  the  leading  investigators) 

terms  and  made  into  a  direct  ratio.  One 
nsidered  of  the  same  value  as  two  and 

bohydrates,  and  one  pound  of  FAT  is 
ijuarter  pounds  of  Carbohydrates. 

UNITS,  multiply  the  Protein  content  by 
It  by  2.25  and  add  these  to  the  Carbo- 


tritive  Ratio 

ive  Ratio,  divide  total  digestible  Protein 
il  digestible  Carbohydrates,  plus  the  total 
d  by  2.25. 


'     Cost  Per  Feed  Unit 

Illustrations  below  are  based  on  Bulletin  No.  11  of  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture. 

COMPARATIVE  PERCENTAGE  OF  FEED  UNITS  IN 

COTTON-SEED   MEAL 57.76  Per  Cent 

One-half  the  weight  is  nourishment. 


WHEAT  BRAN  19.40  Per  Cent 

One-fifth  only  is  nourishing. 


CORN  MEAL 13.34  Per  Cent 

One-eighth  only  is  nourishment. 

COMPARATIVE  COST  PER  FEED  UNIT 


CORN  MEAL  at  $1.00  per  100  pounds, 
6  1-4  cents  per  feed  unit. 


WHEAT  BRAN  at  $1.25  per   100  pounds, 
6  1-4  cents  per  feed  unit. 


COTTON-SEED  MEAL,  at  $1.50  per  hundred  pounds, 
3  cents  per  feed  unit. 

Cotton-Seed  Meal  is  the  Most  Concentrated  and  Cheapest 
Feed  to  be  Had. 


Date  Due 


THE  VALUE  OF  COTTON-SEED 

PRODUCTS  IN  THE  FEEDING 

OF  FARM  ANIMALS 

AS    A    HUMAN    FOOD    AND    AS    A    FERTILIZER 


WITH 

SOME    GENERAL  NOTES    ON   THE 

COTTON-SEED    MANUFACTURING 

INDUSTRY 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE 

BUREAU  OF  PUBLICITY  OF  THE 
INTERSTATE  COTTON-SEED  CRUSHERS  ASSOCIATION 

JO  W.   ALLISON,   Chairman 
DALLAS,  TEXAS 

^9^3 


Copyright  1313. 
5y  Jo  W.   Allison,   Dallas  Texas. 


HAL    MARCHBANKS,    PRINTER 
NEW    YORK 


The 

Cotton 

Plant 


THE  COTTON  PLANT  has  made  possible  ragless  and  strawless  paper, 
cocoonless  silk,  creamless  ice  cream,  cowless  butter  and  hogless  lard. 
The  South  already  clothes  the  world ;  she  is  also  able  to  feed  it.  We 
do  not  propose  it;  we  do  not  want  it,  but  if  necessary,  we  are  entirely  able, 
with  plenty  for  ourselves  and  much  to  spare,  to  make  a  cornless,  a  wheat- 
less  and  a  hogless  South,  and  I  w^ant  to  go  on  record  with  this  prediction, 
that  middle-aged  men  and  women  now  living,  will  see  the  time  when 
Cotton  Seed  Flour  will  take  higher  place  on  the  tables  of  all  the  world 
than  the  less  nutritive  and  less  palatable  Corn  and  Wheaten  products. 

Jo  TV.  Allison. 

WHAT  a  royal  plant  it  is!  The  world  waits  in  attendance  on  its 
growth.  The  showers  that  fall  whispering  on  its  leaves  are  heard 
around  the  earth.  The  sun  that  shines  upon  it  is  tempered  by  the 
prayers  of  all  the  people.  The  frosts  that  chill  it  and  the  dews  that  descend 
from  the  stars  are  noted,  and  the  trespass  of  a  little  worm  upon  its  green  leaf 
means  more  to  England  and  to  English  homes  than  the  advance  of  a  Rus- 
sian army  upon  her  Asian  frontier.  It  is  gold  from  the  time  it  puts  forth 
its  tiniest  shoot.  Its  foliage  decks  the  sombre  earth  in  emerald  sheen.  Its 
blossoms  reflect  the  brilliant  hues  of  sunset  skies  in  Southern  climes  and 
put  to  shame  the  loveliest  rose;  and  when  loosing  its  snowy  fleeces  to  the  sun, 
it  floats  a  banner  that  glorifies  the  field  of  the  humble  farmer,  that  man  is 
marshalled  under  a  flag  that  will  compel  the  allegiance  of  the  world  and 
wring  a  tribute  from  every  nation  on  the  earth.  Its  Fibre  is  current  in  every 
bank  in  the  world.  Its  Oil  adds  luxury  to  lordly  banquets  in  noble  halls  and 
brings  comfort  to  lowly  homes  in  every  clime.  Its  Flour  gives  to  man  a  food 
richer  in  health-producing  value  than  any  the  earth  has  ever  known,  and  a 
curative  agent  long  sought  and  found  in  nothing  else.  Its  Meal  is  food  for 
every  beast  that  bows  to  do  man's  labor,  from  Norway's  frozen  peaks  to 
Af  ric's  parched  plains. 

It  is  a  heritage  that  God  gave  to  this  people  when  He  arched  the  skies, 
'stablished  our  mountains,  girded  us  about  with  oceans,  loosed  the  breeze, 
tempered  the  sunshine  and  measured  the  rain.  Ours  and  our  children's  for- 
ever and  forever,  and  no  princelier  talent  ever  came  from  His  Omnipotent 
hand  to  mortal  stewardship, 

•HOPERTY  OF 

(,S^\-  K.'tii!cou*aEUBRK«w. 


:%    --:^^^- 

,'4 

^■-     ■•--'                      •.     .' 

T       > 

The  Cotton  Trade. 


Where  sleeps  the  poet  who  shall  fitly  sing 

The  source  wherefrom  doth  spring 

That    mightly    commerce,   which   confined 

To  the  mean  channel  of  no  selfish  mart, 

Goes  out  to  every  shore 

Of  this  broad  earth  and  throngs  the  sea  with  ships 

That  bear  no  thunder;    hushes  hungry  lips 

In  alien  lands: 

Joins    with    delicate    web    remotest   strands ; 

And  gladdening  rich  and  poor, 

Doth  gild  Parisian  domes, 

Or  feed  the  cottage  smoke  of  English  homes. 

And  only  bounds  its  blessings  by  mankind. 

Henry   Timrod. 


Cotton  Fields. 


Yonder  bird 

Which  floats  as  if  at  rest, 

In  those  blue  tracts  above  the  thunder,  where 

No  vapors  cloud  the  stainless  air, 

And  never  sound  is  heard, 

Unless  at  such  rare  time. 

When  from  the  City  of  the  Blest 

Rings  down  some  golden  chime. 

Sees  not  from  his  high  place 

So  vast  a  cirque  of  summer  space, 

As  widens  round  me  in  one  mighty  field, 

Which   rimmed  by  seas  and  sands,  doth  hail  its 

earliest  daylight  in  the  beams 
Of  gray  Atlantic  dawns; 

And  broad  as  realms  made  up  of  many  lands. 
Is  lost  afar 

Behind  the  crimson  hills  and  purple  lawns 
Of  sunset,  among  plains  which  roll  their  streams 
Against  the  Evening  Star! 
And  lo! 

To  the  remotest  point  of  sight, 
Although  I  gaze  upon  no  waste  of  snow. 
The  endless  field  is  white, 
And  the  whole  landscape  glows, 
For  many  a  shining  league  away. 
With  such  accumulated  light. 
As  Polar  lands  would  flash  beneath  a  tropic  day. 

Henry   Timrod. 


Chapter  I. 


Cotton 


Cotton  is  famous  in  history  and  in  song.  It  has  been  called  King,  and 
Queen,  and  Princess. 

Its  fibre  makes  clothing,  paper,  books,  buckets,  pans,  car  wheels,  boxes, 
blankets,  beds.  Its  blossoms  supply  the  nectar  to  bees  for  the  manufacture 
of  the  best  quality  of  honey  known  to  man.  It  is  the  countryman's  flower 
garden  upon  which  he  rests  his  tired  eyes.  Its  leaves  and  stalks  feed  the  soil. 
Its  seed — a  newly  discovered  fountain  of  wealth — food  for  all  animal  crea- 
tion. Its  seed  furnishes  meal  for  live  stock,  bread  for  man,  and  oil  for  salads, 
cakes,  pastry,  butter,  lard,  as  well  as  for  soap  and  paints.  Cotton  not  only 
clothes  the  world,  but  feeds  it  and  cleans  it. 

And  yet  this  miraculous  plant,  this  eighth  wonder  of  the  world,  is  less 
appreciated  at  home  than  abroad.  Think  of  the  trader  in  cotton-seed  pro- 
ducts spending  money  advertising  their  good  qualities — increasing  the  con- 
sumption by  increasing  the  demand  and  increasing  the  value  of  the  raw 
material  by  both — and  the  producer  standing  with  his  hands  in  his  pockets 
skeptically  looking  on!  The  agricultural  sin  of  the  cotton  growing  coun- 
tries today  is  the  exportation  of  cotton-seed  meal,  cake  and  oil!  There  is 
not  enough  for  home  consumption.  The  seed  alone  from  an  acre  of  cotton  is 
worth  as  much  as  all  the  corn  that  could  be  produced  upon  that  acre.  But  it 
does  not  sell  for  as  much  because  the  producer  does  not  know  the  value  of 
each. 


COTTON 
By  Katie  Daffan 

Have  you   seen   her?     Princess   Cotton?  Look  upon  her  golden  glory 

In  the  South's  own,  sunny  land?  In  this  land,  by  heaven  crowned  I 

Spreading  o'er  her  fair  dominions,  See  her  bursting  bolls,  like  snowdrift, 
Down  into  the  white  beach  sand?  Sound  her  praise  the  world  around! 


10 


FEEDING   FARM  ANIMALS 


A  familiar  gin  scene  in  cotton  countries  where  the  cotton  fibre  called    lint  is   separated   from 
the  seed  and  baled  for  shipment  to  cotton  factories. 


Another  gin  scene  in  cotton  countries.     The  lint  is  baled  and  shipped  to  cotton  factories  and 

the  seed  is  shipped  to  oil  mills  where  the  hulls,   meal,   and  oil   are  separated 

for  food  stuffs  and  feeding  stuffs. 


FEEDING        FARM     ANIMALS 


11 


The  Composition  of  the  Animal  Body. 

The  animal  body  is  composed  of  a  great  variety  of  substances  which 
may  be  classified  into  water,  ash,  fat,  protein  and  the  contents  of  the  stomach. 
The  percentage  of  each  of  these  substances,  as  determined  by  the  U.  S.  De- 
partment of  Agriculture,  Farmers'  Bulletin  No.  346,  is  as  follows: 

• 

Percentage  Composition  of  Live  Animals. 


0. 

Calf 

1                             Sheep 

'        Siuine 

■^ 

^ 
^ 

I 
"« 

tS 

I 

>3 

2 

5 

Water    

Ash    

Fat    

54-3 
4.8 

7-1 
15.8 

18.0 

% 
50.2 

4-4 
14.9 
15-5 

15.0 

% 
43.6 

3-9 
36.8 

13.7 

12.0 

% 
60.1 

4-5 
13. 1 
15-3 

7.0 

% 

56.6 
3-4 
8.6 

15-4 

16.0 

% 

53-7 
3-3 
13.2 
14.8 

15.0 

% 
50.7 

3-2 

18.3 
13.8 

14.0 

% 

44.8 

2.9 

28.1 

12.2 
12. 0 

% 

39.0 
2.8 

II. 0 

10. o. 

% 
53-9 

2.7 
22.5 
13.9 

7.0 

% 

42.0 

1.8 

40.2 

II  .o 

Contents   of    stomach    and    in- 

5.0 

Total    

100. 0 

100. 0 

100. 0 

100. 0 

100.0 

100. 0 

100. 0 

100. 0 

100. 0 

100. 0 

100. 0 

As  the  animal  fattens  the  protein,  ash,  and  icater  of  the  body  do  not  in- 
crease of  course  as  fast  as  fat.  The  percentages  of  these,  the  amounts  com- 
pared to  the  increased  weight  of  the  animal  fattened  as  fattening  progresses 
are  smaller,  therefore.  That  is,  the  water,  ash,  and  protein  do  not  increase  in 
quantity  as  fast  as  the  fat,  during  the  fattening  process. 

There  is  a  small  amount  of  glycogen,  which  is  a  carbohydrate,  stored  up 
in  the  liver,  muscles,  and  a  few  other  organs  of  the  body,  but  not  in  a  suffi- 
ciently large  amount  to  be  estimated  in  the  above  table. 

Fat  is  a  reserve  material  of  the  body,  the  location  of  which  is  well 
known.  It  furnishes  heat  and  energy  to  the  animal  for  keeping  up  the  vital 
processes  in  time  of  famine. 

The  li-ater,  ash  and  protein,  according  to  the  above  bulletin,  constitute 
the  essential  working  parts  of  the  body.  The  bones,  constituting  the  frame- 
work of  the  body;  the  ligaments,  muscles  and  tendons  which  bind  together 
and  move  the  bones;  the  skin  and  hair,  or  wool,  which  cover  and  protect  the 


12  FEEDING       FARMANIMALS 

body;  the  internal  organs  of  circulation,  respiration,  digestion,  excretion, 
and  reproduction;  the  brain  and  nerves — in  short,  the  whole  mechanism  of 
the  body — can  be  regarded  as  being  composed  substantially  of  these  three 
classes  of  substances. 

The  Composition  of  Feeding  Stuffs. 

The  food  that  supplies  the  animal  organism  must  necessarily  contain 
those  ingredients  which  the  animal  can  utilize  for  the  production  of  the 
elemental  constituents  of  the  body  before  mentioned,  because  these  are  con- 
stantly being  worn  out  in  maintaining  the  life  of  the  animal.  And  it  has 
been  found  by  analysis  that  the  animal's  food  is  composed  of  substances  of 
the  same  general  classification  as  those  of  which  the  body  is  composed.  Ac- 
cording to  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Farmers'  Bulletin  No.  22, 
these  substances  are  described  as  follows: 

Ash. 

"Ash  is  what  is  left  when  the  combustible  part  of  a  feeding  stuff  is  burned 
away.  It  consists  chiefly  of  lime,  magnesia,  potash,  soda,  iron,  chlorine,  and 
carbonic,  sulphuric,  and  phosphoric  acids,  and  is  used  largely  in  making  bones. 
From  the  ash  constituents  of  the  food  the  animal  selects  these  which  it  needs  and 
the  rest  is  voided  in  the  manure.  As  a  general  rule  rations  composed  of  a 
variety  of  nutritious  foods  contain  sufficient  ash  to  supply  the  requirements  of  the 
body. 

Fat.  • 

'Tat,  or  the  materials  dissolved  from  a  feeding  stufif  by  ether,  includes, 
besides  real  fats,  wax,  the  green  coloring  matter  of  plants,  etc.  For  this  reason 
the  ether  extract  is  usually  designated  CRUDE  fat.  The  fat  of  food  is  either 
stored  up  in  the  body  as  fat,  or  burned  (oxidized  in  the  body)  to  furnish  heat 
and  energy. 

Carbohydrates. 

"Carbohydrates  are  usually  divided  into  two  groups,  nitrogen-free  extract, 
including  starch,  sugar,  gums,  and  the  like,  and  cellulose  or  fiber,  the  essential 
constituent  of  the  walls  of  vegetable  cells.  Cotton  fiber  and  wood  pulp  are 
nearly  pure  cellulose.  Coarse  fodders,  like  hay  and  straw,  contain  a  large  pro- 
portion of  fiber,  while  most  grains  contain  little  fiber,  but  are  rich  in  starch, 
sugar,  etc.  (nitrogen-free  extract).  The  carbohydrates  form  the  largest  part 
of  all  vegetable  foods.  They  are  not  permanently  stored  up  as  such  in  the  animal 
body,  but  are  either  stored  up  as  fat  or  burned  in  the  system  to  produce  heat  and 
energy.     They  are  one  of  the  principal  sources  of  animal  fat. 


A  train   load  ot  tank  cars  ot  cotton-^eed  oil  ^^hlch  is  taking  the  place  ot  hog 
lard  for  all  cooking  and  edible  purposes  for  which  lard  is  used. 


FEEDING        FARMANIMALS  13 

Protein. 

"Protein  (or  nitrogenous  materials)  is  the  name  of  a  group  of  materials 
containing  nitrogen.  All  other  constituents  of  feeding  stuffs,  the  ash,  fat,  and 
carbohydrates  are  non-nitrogenous  or  free  from  nitrogen.  Protein  materials  are 
often  designated  as  flesh  formers,  because  they  furnish  the  materials  for  the  lean 
flesh;  but  they  also  enter  largely  into  the  composition  of  blood,  skin,  muscles, 
tendons,  nerves,  hair,  horns,  wool,  and  the  casein  and  albumen  of  milk,  etc. 
For  the  formation  of  these  materials  protein  is  absolutely  indispensable.  No 
substances  free  from  nitrogen  can  be  worked  over  into  protein,  or  fill  the  place 
of  protein.  It  is,  then,  absolutely  necessary  for  an  animal  to  be  provided  with 
certain  amount  of  protein  in  order  to  grow  or  maintain  existence.  Under  certain 
conditions  it  is  believed  protein  may  be  a  source  of  fat  in  the  body ;  and  finally  it 
may  be  burned,  like  the  carbohydrates  and  fat,  yielding  heat  and  energy. 

"The  sources  of  heat  and  energy  in  the  animal,  then,  are  the  protein,  fat,  and 
carbohydrates  of  the  food  and  the  fat  and  protein  of  the  body,  for  the  fat  and 
protein  of  the  body  may  be  burned  like  that  in  the  food.  The  value  of  the  fat 
for  producing  heat  is  nearly  two  and  a  half  times  that  of  carbohydrates  or  protein. 
The  sources  of  fat  in  the  body  are  the  fat,  carbohydrates  and,  probably,  the 
protein  of  the  food ;  and  the  exclusive  source  of  protein  in  the  body  is  the  protein 
in  the  food." 

It  cannot  be  too  strongly  emphasized  that  protein  produces  heat,  energy 
and  fat  in  the  animal  body  just  as  the  fats  and  carbohydrates  do.  In  addi- 
tion to  this  function,  it  does  what  fat  and  carbohydrates  cannot  do,  viz.,  it 
produces  muscle,  blood,  skin,  tendons,  nerves,  hair,  horns,  ivool,  and  the 
casein  and  albumen  of  milk.  Protein  makes  the  animal  frame, — that  which 
counts  in  so  many  ways.  Henry  C.  Sherman,  Professor  in  Columbia  Uni- 
versity, in  his  Chemistry  on  Food  and  Nutrition,  says: 

"Whatever  the  mechanism  of  their  assimilation  the  absorbed  proteins  soon 
become  available  for  the  nutrition  of  the  body,  and  among  other  functions  they, 
like  the  carbohydrates  and  fats,  may  be  burned  as  fuel  for  muscular  work. 
Pfluger  proved  that  protein  may  serve  as  a  source  of  muscular  energy  by  feeding 
a  dog  for  seven  months  exclusively  upon  meat  practically  free  from  fat  and 
carbohydrate,  and  requiring  it  throughout  the  experiment  to  do  considerable 
amounts  of  work,  the  energy  for  which  must  in  this  particular  case  have  been 
derived  largely  from  protein  consumed. 

"New  experiments  in  Voit's  laboratory  by  Cremer  appear,  however,  to 
establish  the  formation  of  body  fat  from  protein  food  beyond  reasonable  doubt. 

"The  evidence  of  formation  of  milk  fat  in  part  from  protein,  while  perhaps 
not  amounting  to  a  mathematical  demonstration,  is  still  very  strong. 

"For  practical  purposes  the  outcome  of  the  controversy  as  to  the  direct 
formation  of  fat  from  protein  is  of  minor  importance,  since  there  is  already 
abundant  experimental  evidence  of  the  production  of  carbohydrate  from  protein 
and  the  transformation  of  carbohydrate  into  fat,  so  that  it  is  evident  that  protein 
food  can  indirectly,  if  not  directly,  contribute  to  the  formation  of  fat  in  the 
bodv." 


14 


FEEDING   FARM   ANIMALS 


Average  Composition  of  Feeding  Stuffs. 


Feed 


Percentage 

Com 

position 

t 

Sl 

«3 

>»»  H 

:5 

^ 

'\> 

gty 

-^ 

« 

o 

Q 

^ 

I 
'^ 

tJ; 

^^ 

^ 

Oats    (Grain)     89.0 

Corn    (Grain)    89.4 

Corn   Meal    85.0 

Corn   and   Cob  Meal 84.9 

Honninv    Chops    88.9 

Wheat"  (Grain)     89.5 

Wheat    Bran     88.1 

Wheat   Middlings   1  87.9 

Rye    (Grain)     '  88.4 

Cotton   Seed    89.7 

Cotton    Seed     (Roasted) 93.9 

Cotton   Seed   Meal    (Choice) 91.8 

Rice    (Rough)     '89.1 

-  87.2 

90.1 
88.5 
91.^ 
87.4 
77.6 


Rice    (Clean) 

Rice  Bran,   15   per  cent  hulls.... 

Rice    Polish   

Rice  Meal    (Pure  Bran) 

Buckwheat    

Cane    Molasses    (Blackstrap)... 


Beet  Molasses    

Skimmed    Milk    (Separator).... 

Skimmed    Milk    (Gravity) 

Buttermilk     

Oat  Hay  (cut  in  milk) 

Oat    Straw    

Corn    Fodder    (leaves) 

Corn  Fodder    (whole  plant).... 
Corn    Stover     (whole    plant,    ex- 
cept ears)    

Corn    Shucks    

Wheat   Straw   

Rye  Straw  

Rice    Straw    

Cotton    Seed    Hulls 

Cow   Pea   Hav 

Alfalfa   Hay' 

Soja  Bean  Hav 

Vetch   Hay    .  .'. 

Peanut  Vine  Hay  (without  nuts) 

Crimson    Clover    Hay 

Red   Clover   Hay....'. 

Lespedeza   Hay    

Crab    Grass    Hay 

Orchard    Grass    Hay 

Timothy    Hay    

Bermuda   Hay    

Kentuckv   Blue    Grass    Hav 

Millet  Hay    (Cat  Tail) 

Johnson   Grass  Hay 

Corn    Silage    

Sorghum    Silage    

Soja  Bean   Silage 

Cow   Pea   Silage 

Sorghum    (Green)     

Corn    (Green)    

Alfalfa     (Green)     

Cow  Pea    ( Green) 

Lespedeza    (Green)    


79.2 
9.4 
9.6 

9-9 
85.0 
90.8 
91. 1 

67.8 

77.2 
91.9 
90.4 
92.9 


91.6 
88.7 
88.7 
92.4 
90.4 
84.7 
89.7 
89.7 
90.1 
86.8 
89.4 
78.8 
89.5 
88.8 
20.9 
23.9 
25.8 
20.7 
20.6 
20.7 
28.2 
16.4 
30.0 


II.O 

30 

10.6 

1-5 

15.0 

1.4 

15.1 

1-5 

II. I 

2.5 

10.  s 

1.8 

II.9 

5.8 

I2.I 

3-3 

II.6 

1.9. 

10.3 

3-5 

6.1 

5-5 

8.2 

7.2 

10.9 

5-5 

12.8 

0.7 

9-9 

11.3 

II. S 

3-5 

8.6 

8.9 

12.6 

2.7 

22.4 

9-3 

20.8 

10.6 

90.6 

0.7 

90.4 

0.7 

90.1 

0.7 

15.0 

5.2 

9.2 

5-1 

8.9 

9-7 

32.2 

4-3 

22.8 

4.9 

8.1 

3-4 

9.6 

4.2 

7-1 

3-2 

12.0 

7.8 

II. I 

2.8 

11.9 

8.4 

8.4 

74 

"•3 

7.2 

"•3 

7-9 

7.6 

10.8 

9.6 

8.6 

'5-3 

6.2 

10.3 

4.1 

10.3 

7-3 

9.9 

6.0 

13.2 

4-4 

10.6 

6.4 

21.2 

6.3 

10.  <; 

10.2 

10.2 

6.1 

79.1 

1.4 

76.1 

I.I 

74.2 

2.8 

79-3 

2.9 

79-4 

I.I 

79-3 

1.2 

71.8 

2.7 

.83.6 

1-7 

S-5 
3-3 
3-4 
3.0 

5-9 
4.2 
144 
14-3 
15.4 
17.0 
10.7 
15.2 
12.3 
11.7 
6.9 
8.1 

5-9 
10.2 
7.8 
9.9 
7.2 
1-7 
0.8 
4.1 
2.7 
1-3 
1.8 
4.8 
2.4 
2.7 


59-7 
70.4 
68.7 
64.8 
64.5 
71.9 
53-9 
60.4 
72.5 
24.7 
23.5 
23.6 
64.3 
78.1 
44-5 
64.3 
49.8 
64.5 
65.9 

59-5 

5-3 

4-7 

4.0 

390 

42.4 

41.5 

37.2 

39-9 
51.6 
43-4 
46.6 
33-7 
33-4 
41.2 
42.7 
38.6 
36.1 
42.7 
36.6 
38.1 
43-8 
41.0 
41.0 
45.0 
48.3 
37.8 
36.6 
45-9 

II.O 

iS-3 
6.9 
7.6 
11.6 
12.2 
12.3 

7-1 
14.4 


9.0 

4.6 

1-7 

23.2 

20.4 

5.6 

9-3 

0.5 

14.5 

3.8 

8.7 

8.7 


29.2 
37.0 
24.7 
20.2 

25.6 
32.8 
38.1 
38.9 
38.6 
46.3 
21.5 
25.0 
22.3 
25.4 
23.6 
27.2 
24.8 
26.5 
32.9 
32.4 
29.0 
22.4 
23.0 
30.8 
28.S 
6.0 
6.4 

9-7 
6.0 
6.1 
5.0 
7-4 
4.8 


^^ 

I*, 

5.0 
5.0 

3-8 
3-5 
8.3 
2.1 
4.0 
4 

1-7 

19.9 

27.7 

13. 1 

2.6 

0.4 

9-9 

5.8 

10.7 

2.2 


0-3 
0.9 
I.I 
2.3 
2.3 
3-3 
1-3 

1-3 

0.9 

1-3 

1.2 

2.1 

2.2 

2.5 

2.2 

5-2 

2.3 

4.6 

2.8 

3-3 

3.6 

1.6 

2.6 

2.5 

2.2 

3-9 

2.0 

2 

0.8 

0.3 

2.2 

1-5 

0.5 

0.5 

i.o 

0.4 


Per  Cent  of  Digestible  Matter 


«  V.  « 

QJ  (J        t«. 


9.3 

44.8 

7.8 

65.5 

5-5 

63.9 

4.4 

57.0 

7-5 

55.0 

10.2 

69.0 

12. 1 

37.2 

12.8 

51-3 

9-9 

67.6 

12.5 

12.3 

7-9 

12.0 

37.2 

15.1 

■"64 

"34.8 

7-3 

59.6 

8.6 

38.9 

7-7 

49.0 

65.9 

59-5 

2.9 

5-2 

31 

4-7 

3-9 

4.0 

5.0 

20.3 

1.2 

18.7 

VS 

26.3 

2.6 

23.6 

2.8 

25-3 

1.0 

38.6 

0.4 

16.5 

0.6 

17.2 

2.7 

10.8 

0.25 

11.4 

9.^30 

29.1 

10.60 

28.2 

10.90 

26.6 

12.90 

2S.8 

6.70 

29.9 

10.50 

22.7 

7.60 

26.3 

7.6 

3I-I 

2.2 

21.6 

4.9 

22.5 

2.8 

28.3 

4.6 

26.1 

4.8 

37-3 

6.2 

21.6 

OA    8 

7.6 
15.0 

3-9 
S-S 
8.6 
9.0 
9-3 
6.0 
14.4 


12.7 
20.0 
17.1 

13.8 

17.0 
26.1 
19.8 
23-3 
22.0 
21.8 
9.2 
10.7 
,3.6 
13-7 
12.3 
12.2 
12. 1 
II. I 
21.2 
19.8 
15.1 
13.0 

20.5 
16.5 

3-7 

4-7 
31 
3.6 
30 
3-3 
2.7 


■La.  Station. 


Halligan,  La., 
Station. 


Approximate. 


Approximate. 


FEEDING        FARM     ANIMALS 


15 


Average  Composition  of   Feeding  Stuffs — Continued 


Feed 


Percentage    Composttton 


=>  faj 


£i 


Per   Cent   of  Digestible  Matter 


Oats    (in   bloom) 

Rye    (Green)    

Cabbage     

Rutabagas    

Carrots     

Mangel   Wurtzel   

Rape    

Potatoes    (Irish)    

Potatoes    ( Sweet)    

Brewers'  Grains  (wet)  .  . 
Brewers'  Grains  (dried) 
Peanut  Meal    


37-8 
23-4 

9-5 
11.4 
1 1.4 

91 
15-5 
21. 1 
28.9 
24.3 
91.8 
89.3 


62.2 
76.6 
90.5 
88.6 
88.6 
90.9 
84.5 
78.9 
71. 1 
75-7 
8.2 
10.7 


2.2 
2.1 
1-5 
5-4 
19.9 
47.6 


19.3 
6.8 
3-9 

7-5 
7.6 

5-5 
8.3 
17.3 
24.7 
12.5 
51-7 
23-7 


1-5 
0.9 
0.9 
3-9 
15-7 
42.9 


12.1 

4.8 

*8.2 

7-1 

*7.8 

5.0 

8.1 

*i6.3 

*22.2 

7-7 
30.0 


0.4 


Combined  Nitrogen-Free  Extract  and  Fibre. 


16 


FEEDING       FARM     ANIMALS 


Explanation  of  Terms  Used  in  Literature  on  Feeding. 

The  Digestive  Coefficient  or  digestibility  of  food  is  the  per  cent,  of 
protein,  fat  or  carbohydrates  (fiber  and  nitrogen-free  extract)  that  is  digested 
and  utilized  by  an  animal.    The  rest  is  voided  as  feces.     For  example: 

AVERAGE 
Protein 


Car 

bohydrates 

Fat 

Fiber 

Nitrogen- 
free  Extract 

5.6/0 

23.6% 

13.170 

1-9% 

68.7% 

3.8% 

Cotton-seed  meal  contains 42.3^ 

Corn  meal  contains 9.2*^ 

Eighty-eight  per  cent,  of  the  protein  of  cotton-seed  meal  is  digested  and 
utilized  by  the  animal.  88%  then  is  the  digestive  coefficient  of  the  protein  of 
cotton-seed  meal. 

Sixty-seven  and  nine-tenths  per  cent.,  or  in  round  numbers,  68%  of  the 
protein  of  corn  is  digested  and  utilized  by  the  animal.  Hence  68%  is  the 
digestive  coefficient  of  the  protein  of  corn  meal. 

Cotton-seed  meal  not  only  contains  nearly  five  times  as  much  protein 
as  corn,  but  20%  more  of  the  protein  of  cotton-seed  meal  is  digested  than 
the  protein  of  corn  meal. 

Nutritive  Ratio  is  the  ratio  of  the  digestible  protein  of  a  feed  to  the 
combined  digestible  fat  and  digestible  carbohydrates,  after  multiplying  the 
fat  by  2^.  Fat  is  234  times  more  valuable  than  carbohydrates  as  a  heat  and 
energy  producer.  For  example,  if  all  the  food  nutrients  were  digestible  in 
the  above  table,  the  fat  of  the  cotton-seed  meal  (13.1%?)  multiplied  by  2^ 
equals  29.4 

29.4  +   5.6  +   23.6  =  58.6 

58.6  -f-  42.3  protein  =  about  1.3  which  would  be  the  nutritive  ratio 
of  cotton-seed  meal. 

Similarly,  the  nutritive  ration  of  corn  meal  would  be  8.6.  These  ratios 
are  sometimes  written  i  to  1.3  and  i  to  8.6. 

A  Balanced  Ration  is  a  ration  made  up  of  feeds  whose  nutritive  ratio 
is  about  I  to  6,  and  containing  a  sufficient  volume  of  feeding  material  for  the 
animal  according  to  the  particular  species  fed.  That  is,  the  ratio  of  the 
total  digestible  protein  to  the  combined  digestible  fats  and  digestible  carbo- 
hydrates as  explained  above.  On  other  pages  will  be  found  tables  showing 
the  composition,  the  digestibility,  and  the  per  cent,  of  the  digestible  nutrients 
of  feeding  stuffs. 


HAMPSHIRE  boar 

at 

Spring    Lake    Plantation. 

He  eats  cotton-seed  meal  and 
hulls  continuously,  with  Bermuda 
grass   "on   the    side." 


FEEDING        FARM     ANIMALS 


17 


Digestive    Coefficient. 

Digestibility  of  Food. 

Not  all  of  the  protein,  fat  or  carbohydrates  (fiber  and  nitrogen-free  ex- 
tract) of  feeding  stuffs  is  digested  by  the  animal  that  eats  it.  The  per  cent, 
of  each  food  element  that  can  be  digested  and  utilized  by  animals  differs 
with  the  feed  and  with  the  nature  of  the  animal  that  eats  it.  The  following 
table  shows  the  digestibility  of  a  few  common  feeds: 


Protein 

% 

Timothy    48.1 

Pasture  Grass   65.5 

Barley    71.8 

Dent  Corn,  all  samples 59.7 

Oats    71.8 

Rye    79-4 

Sorghum    46.8 

Alfalfa    81. 

Red   Clover 67. 

Cow  Pea   75.6 

Soy  Bean    75.1 

Common  Vetch   71.4 

Johnson    Grass    41.4 

Orchard    Grass    59.5 

Mixed   Grasses    58.5 

Oat  Hay    54.2 

Oat  Straw 

Wheat  Straw  (G)    23. 

Sorghum  Fodder  (pulled) 60.8 

Cow  Pea  Vine 64.8 

Peanut  Vine    63.3 

Hairy  Vetch    82.3 

Corn   Meal    67.9 

Corn-and-Cob  Meal    55.6 

Rve   Meal    84.4 

Pea  Meal 83.2 

Soy  Bean  Meal 91.1 

Cotton-Seed,    Raw    67.8 

Cotton-Seed,  Roasted    46.9 

Cotton-Seed    Meal    88. 

Dried    Brewers'    Grains 79.3 

Gluten   Feed    85.6 

Gluten  Meal 88.2 

Wheat   Bran    77.8 

Wheat  Bran  and  Shorts 75.8 

Linseed   Meal    88.8 

Peanut  Feed    70.6 

Rice  Meal    61.9 

Cow's  Milk 94- 

Timothy    Hav    in    Full    Bloom, 

Well  Cured 21.2 

New  Corn  Product 67.5 


Nitrogen-Free 

Fiber 

Extract 

Fat 

% 

■           % 

% 

55.6 

65.7 

53-1 

74-3 

72.5 

54.7 

60.8 

71.2 

59-9 

60.2 

73-7 

74-1 

52.8 

62.6 

69.2 

79.2 

70.1 

74-5 

59. 

74.6 

74.2 

41. 

72. 

45- 

52.6 

77.6 

64.5 

59-6 

80.6 

59.4 

47- 

73.2 

54-1 

44-2 

76.1 

58.6 

65.7 

56.9 

38.4 

60.4 

55.4 

53.8 

59.7 

58.7 

48.5 

43-5 

52. 

61.9 

57.6 

53-2 

38.3 

55. 

39. 

36. 

70.4 

64.5 

46.7 

42. 

70.6 

51.8 

51-9 

69.5 

65.9 

61. 1 

72.9 

70.3 

94-6 

92.1 

45-7 

87.6 

84.1 

91.9 

64.2 

25.7 

93-6 

54-5 

71.2 

76.3 

857 

75.5 

49.6 

87.1 

65.9 

51.4 

71.7 

55- 

60. 

93. 

52.6 

57.8 

91. 1 

78. 

89.2 

84.4 

89.8 

94-4 

28.6 

69.4 

68. 

18.3 

64.3 

45- 

57- 

77.6 

88.6 

II. 7 

49.1 

89.7 

92.3 

91. 1 

... 

98. 

100. 

42.6 

47-3 

47-3 

54.6 

46.9 

59-8 

18 


FEEDING   FARM  ANIMALS 


A  view  of  a  packing  plant  where  it  shows  how  the  cotton-seed  oil   is  taken  from  the   large 

tanks  and  packed  in  suitable  containers  for  the  retail  trade.     Year  by  year,  this  oil 

becomes  more  popular  for  all  sorts  of  cooking  purposes. 


This 


shows  how  cotton-seed  meal,  hulls,  and  other  feeding  stuffs  are  mixed 
and  sacked. 


Chapter  II. 


Protein  and  Ash 


Cost  of  Protein. 

Regarding  the  feeding  value  of  corn,  the  Virginia  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station,  Bulletin  176,  the  following  opinion  is  expressed: 

"Corn  forms  the  basis  of  almost  all  rations  for  farm  stock.  Corn,  however, 
has  its  limitations.  To  get  greatest  gains  from  corn  it  must  be  fed  with  other 
feeds  richer  in  protein  and  ash.  This  is  particularly  true  when  corn  is  fed  to 
young  and  growing  stock.  Corn  is  pre-eminently  a  fat  and  heatproducing  food, 
which  renders  it  quite  unsuitable  for  constituting  the  entire  grain  ration  for 
growing  pigs.  If  used  in  this  way,  it  results  in  the  production  of  small  boned» 
thin-muscled,  and  prematurely  fat  pigs,  which  are  unprofitable  to  both  feeder  and 
packer,  and  entirely  unsuitable  for  breeding." 

This  is  a  universal  opinion  among  expert  feeders.  To  obtain  the  best 
results,  as  the  above  bulletin  points  out,  corn  must  be  supplemented  by  a  food 
rich  in  protein. 

When  we  have  to  purchase  a  protein  feeding  stuff  it  will  be  important 
to  determine  which  one  is  the  cheapest  and  best  adapted  to  the  purpose  for 
which  it  is  to  be  used. 


25   sacks  of  corn  chops  of  loo  pounds  each.     In  this 
2500  pounds  of  corn  chops  there  is  225  pounds 
of  protein  and  35  pounds  of  mineral  matter. 


Five  sacks  of  cotton-seed  meal  of 
100  pounds  each.  In  this  500 
pounds  of  cotton-seed  meal  there 
are  225  pounds  of  protein  and  35 
pounds  of  mineral  matter. 


20  FEEDING-FARM     ANIMALS 

Charles  S.  Phelps,  in  the  February  8,  1913,  issue  of  The  Country  Gen- 
tleman, Philadelphia,  one  of  the  oldest  agricultural  papers  in  the  country, 
gives  the  following  table  of  the  cost  of  protein  in  some  common  articles  of 
feed: 

Cost  of  I  Pound  of  Digestible  Protein  at  Different  Prices  for  Feeds. 

Cost  Percentage  of  Cost  of 

Per  Digestible  i  Lb.  of 

Ton  Protein  Protein 

Cents 

Cotton-Seed   Meal    $36.  36.0  5-0 

Cotton-Seed   Meal    34.  36.0  4.7 

Cotton-Seed  Meal    32.  36.0  4.4 

Linseed   Meal  at 40.  32.0  6.3 

Linseed   Meal  at 36.  32.0  5.6 

Gluten  Feed  at   30.  23.0  6.5 

Gluten  Feed  at   28.  23.0  6.1 

Buckwheat  Middlings   26.  22.0  6.0 

Buckwheat  Middlings   24.  22.0  5.5 

Dried  Brewers'  Grains   26.  15.5  8.4 

Dried  Brewers'  Grains   24,  15.5  8.0 

Wheat  Bran   26.  12.5  lO.O 

Wheat  Bran   24.  12.5  9,6 

Corn  Meal   32.  8.0  20.0 

Oats— Ground    32.  9-5  i7-0 

"In  this  tabulation  we  have  shown  that  cotton-seed  meal,  even  at  $36  a  ton, 
furnishes  protein  of  the  lowest  cost  per  pound  of  any  common  feed  in  the  markets. 
Linseed  meal  furnishes  protein  the  next  cheapest.  We  might  add  here  that  the 
old  process  and  the  new  process  linseed  meals  have  about  the  same  percentage  of 
protein.  Buckwheat  middlings  at  from  $24  to  $26  a  ton  are  cheaper  than  gluten 
feeds  at  $20  a  ton,  but  these  two  feeds  furnish  protein  at  the  same  cost  when 
gluten  feed  sells  for  $28  and  buckwheat  middlings  for  $25.  Brewers'  grains  are 
cheaper  than  bran  at  the  same  cost  of  each.  Such  feeds  as  cornmeal,  hominy  and 
oats  furnish  protein  at  the  highest  cost  of  all  feeds,  ranging  from  17  to  20  cents 
a  pound.  Does  this  mean  that  these  higher-priced  feeds,  as  regards  protein, 
should  never  be  used  ?  Certainly  not,  and  especially  when  grown  on  the  farm. 
They  have  much  value  for  fattening,  and  a  portion  of  the  fattening  foods  is  of 
importance  in  milk  production.  It  does  mean,  however,  that  such  feeds  are 
relativeh-  expensive  to  buy  as  a  source  of  protein." 

Here  is  a  Northern  farm  journal  telling  the  South  that  the  protein  of 
cotton-seed  meal  is  the  cheapest  protein  known.  It  reminds  us  that  it  took 
a  Connecticut  Yankee  to  show  us  how  to  get  the  oil  out  of  cotton-seed,  and 
to  make  cotton-seed  meal,  and  to  raise  the  price  of  cotton-seed  from  $0.00 
per  ton  to  $20.00  per  ton. 

There  are  many  farmers  raising  cotton  now  who  feed  cotton-seed  meal 
and  use  cotton-seed  oil  in  the  place  of  importing  gluten  feed  and  hog  lard 
from  his  Northern  neighbors.  T.  C.  Westbrook,  Waco,  Texas,  who  culti- 
vates about  5,000  acres  of  land  and  raises  mules  and  horses,  and  thorough- 
bred Shetland  ponies,  hogs,  goats,  and  sheep  is  one  of  the  modern  Southern 
farmers  w^ho  fully  appreciates  the  value  of  cotton-seed  products.  He  feeds 
cotton-seed  meal  to  hogs,  as  well  as  to  other  farm  live  stock,  either  by  the 
Allison   Method,  or  by  mixing  it  with  feeds  rich  in  carbohydrates. 


FEEDING        FARM     ANIMALS 


21 


The  Creeps  in  Cattle. 
The  Importance  of  Ash  in  Feeding  Stuffs. 


The  cow  on  the  left  in  this  picture  has  a  disease  known 
as  "The  Creeps."  She,  with  others  affected  with  this 
disease,  are  penned  and  fed  cotton-seed  cake,  which 
supplies  both  the  food  and  the  mineral  matter  neces- 
sary for  renewing  the  starving  condition  of  both  the 
muscles   and  the  bones. 


The  value  of  protein  has  been 
emphasized  by  every  writer  upon 
food  values.  Carbohydrates  and 
fats  have  likewise  received  the 
attention  they  deserve. 

But  so  far  as  the  writer  has 
been  able  to  learn,  after  a  diligent 
search  through  all  the  Agricul- 
tural Experiment  Station  Bul- 
letins, both  State  and  National,  as 
well  as  through  scientific  books  on 
farm  live  stock  feeding,  no  one  has 
ever  emphasized  the  importance 
of  ASH  (the  mineral  matter  of 
food)  lime,  magnesia,  potash,  soda, 
iron,  chlorin,  carbonic,  phos- 
phoric, and  sulphuric  acids — so 
important  in  bone  composition.  It  seems  also  that  little  emphasis  has  been 
placed  upon  the  tremendous  importance  of  the  bones — the  skeleton — and  how 
to  furnish  them  with  material  in  a  form  adapted  to  the  digestive  apparatus 
of  the  animal.  It  is  a  well  established  fact  that  the  minerals  enumerated 
above  cannot  be  assimilated  by  the  tissues  of  an  animal  when  fed  to  them  di- 
rectly as  such,  or  as  the  mineral  compounds  w^hich  they  form.  They  are 
assimilated  from  the  food  which  the  animal  eats. 

Because  a  feeding  stuff  contains  a  high  percentage  of  mineral  matter  is 
no  evidence  that  it  supplies  a  sufficient  amount  of  digestible  mineral  matter  of 
all  kinds  necessary  to  the  needs  of  an  animal.  This  is  clearly  demonstrated  in 
the  case  of  grasses.  Cattle  that  feed  upon  the  grasses,  exclusively,  of  the 
Southwestern  part  of  the  United  States  are  subject  to  a  disease  known  in  this 
territory  as  The  Creeps.  'That  is  a  bone  disease  in  which  there  is  a  defi- 
ciency of  lime  in  the  food.  And  still  it  is  a  wtW  known  fact  that  cattle  do 
not  have  "The  Creeps"  while  feeding  upon  green  grasses,  although  the 
green  grasses  have  no  more  mineral  matter  in  proportion  to  the  dry  matter  of 
the  grasses  than  the  dry  grasses  have.  In  other  words,  the  mineral  matter 
of  the  green  grasses  is  more  available  for  the  purposes  of  digestion  than  the 
mineral  matter  of  the  same  grasses  dry.  An  animal  thrives  better  in  all  re- 
spects when  it  has  '^greens,"  either  in  the  form  of  living  grass,  or  in  the  form 
of  "canned  vegetables,"  as  in  the  case  of  ensilage. 

Now^  when  it  comes  to  the  treatment  of  cattle  with  "The  Creeps,"  what 
has  been  prescribed  and  what  has  been  the  experience  of  cattle  men  with 
these  prescriptions?  The  following  letter  addressed  to  Dr.  J.  S.  Abbott, 
Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner  of  Texas,  contains  two  prescriptions,  viz.: 

r.      Cotton-Seed  Meal. 

2.     Portland  Cement  and  Salt. 


22  FEEDING      FARMANIMALS 

The  letter  follows: 

"The  Agricultural  i^'  Mechanical  College  of  Texas. 
VETERINARY  DEPT. 
Dr.  Mark  Francis 
Dr.   R.    P.   Marsteller 
Dr  R.  C.  Dunn 

College  Station,  Tex.,  Feb.  4,  IQIJ. 
Dr.  J.  S.  Abbott, 

.Austin,   Texas. 
Dear  Sir: 

The  disease  of  cattle  called  'creeps'  is  due  to  a  soreness  of  the  bones 
as  the  result  of  a  deficiency  of  lime  in  the  food.  It  is  quite  common  in  the 
whole  southwest  and  is  especially  prevalent  among  cows  which  are  nursing 
calves.  These  animals  become  so  depraved  in  appetite  that  they  will  chew 
the  bones  of  animals  which  have  died  on  the  prairie  in  an  attempt  to  secure  lime. 
Cows  ivhich  are  nursing  calves  will  recover  in  sixty  days  if  the  calf  be  weaned 
and  the  cow  fed  a  reasonable  amount  of  nourishing  food.  (Cotton-seed,  cotton- 
seed meal  or  cake.)  I  believe  the  most  practicable  zvay  to  supply  them  the 
lime  is  to  make  a  mixture  of  Portland  cement  and  common  salt,  say,  half  and 
half,  then  add  water  and  stir  it  so  as  to  form  a  concrete;  when  it  has  been 
well  mixed  it  might  be  shoveled  into  several  boxes  so  as  to  set  into  a  rock.  In 
24  hours  the  boxes  may  be  hauled  out  into  the  pasture  and  distributed  where 
the  animals  can  have  access  to  them.  The  salt  ivill  attract  the  animals  to 
licking  these  rocks,  and  yet  they  cannot  get  enough  at  any  time  to  cause  ill- 
ness.    This  is  much  easier  than  to  try  to  put  lime  in  their  drinking  water. 

Very   truly   yours, 

Mark  Francis." 

The  following  letter  is  also  of  interest  and  self-explanatory: 

"UNITED  STATES  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 
BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Address  reply  to  'Chief  of 
Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,' 
and  refer  to  U-Q,  203. 

Feb.  14.  1Q13. 

Dr.  J.  S.  Abbott, 

Austin,  Texas. 

Sir: 

Referring  to  your  letter  of  February  lOth,  the  disease  which  you  call  creeps, 
technically  designated  osteomalacia,  is  caused  by  an  insufficient  supply  of  ?nineraj 
ingredients  in  the  food,  probably  phosphates  of  lime.  It  is  apt  to  make  its  appear- 
ance when  there  has  been  no  rain  for  a  considerable  time,  and  the  grass  does  not 
contain  a  sufficient  amount  of  Vwie  salts,  thus  the  animals  fail  to  procure  enough 
mineral  matter.  If  it  were  possible  to  transfer  affected  animals  to  other  pastures 
where  there  is  more  moisture,  a  marked  improvement  would  be  seen  in  those 
affected.  It  has  been  suggested  that  cotton-seed  meal  is  one  of  the  best  feeds  for 
cattle  with  this  affection,  as  it  is  rich  in  lime  salts. 

Very  respectfully, 

Geo.  W.  Pope, 

Acting  Chief, 
Quarantine  Division." 


FEEDING        FARMANIMALS  23 

The  first  prescription  is  for  treatment  of  the  disease,  and  the  second  is 
intended  to  prevent  the  disease.  But  the  experience  of  cattle  men  indicates 
what  has  been  considered  for  a  long  time  a  scientific  fact,  viz.,  that  mineral 
matter  can  not  be  supplied  as  such  directly  to  the  animal  tissues  and  become 
incorporated  into  them  through  the  digestive  processes. 

The  treatment  of  the  disease,  however,  with  cotton-seed  meal  or  cake,  as 
Dr.  Francis  says,  is  successfully  done  upon  the  range  and  it  is  the  only  efifec- 
tive  treatment  ever  found  by  Rhome  Shields,  J.  P.  Anderson,  T.  J.  Clegg,  M. 
B.  Pulliam,  Willis  Johnson,  and  many  well  known  cattlemen  of  the  San 
Angelo,  Texas,  Country. 

Other  feeding  stuffs,  less  rich  in  ash,  however,  are  also  recommended  as 
well  as  bone  meal. 

Just  as  cotton-seed  meal  or  cake  will  cure  "The  Creeps,"  that  is,  supply 
the  deficiency  of  mineral  matter  to  the  bones  after  it  has  been  greatly  re- 
duced, just  so  will  it  supply  the  mineral  matter  necessary  to  the  formation 
of  bone  in  the  young  growing  animal  in  a  form  that  can  be  utilized  by  it  in 
the  development  of  a  good  substantial  frayne — which  every  breeder  strives 
to  obtain  and  which  is  obtained  by  selection  and  elimination  over  long 
periods  of  time. 

Now  the  ratio  of  ash,  or  mineral  matter,  in  cotton-seed  meal  to  the  dry 
matter  of  the  meal  is  just  about  the  same  as  it  is  in  grasses,  dry  or  green. 
But  it  can  be  utilized  from  cotton-seed  meal  when  it  can  not  from  the  grasses 
or  from  other  feeding  stufifs.  Just  what  sort  of  compounds  these  minerals 
have  formed  in  these  feeding  stufTs  remains  to  be  determined.  Our  Agricul- 
tural Experiment  Stations  might  find  it  profitable  to  try  to  find  out  a  physi- 
ological explanation  of  the  above  empirical  knowledge. 

Farmers'  Bulletin  No.  346,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  is- 
sued Jan.  23,  1909,  speaks  of  ash  as  follows: 

"ASH — The  ash  supply  has  received  less  attention  in  the  past  than  its 
importance  deserves.  In  the  ordinary  operation  of  the  bodily  machinery  its  ash 
ingredients  are  being  continually  excreted  and  the  food  must  supply  ash  sufficient 
in  amount  and  of  the  right  kinds  to  make  good  the  loss,  while  the  growing  animal 
needs  an  additional  supply  for  building  up  its  new  tissues.  Fortunately,  normally 
constituted  rations  appear  to  be  rarely  deficient  in  ash." 


24 


FEEDING   FARM  ANIMALS 


Farmers'  Bulletin  No.  22,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  issued  in 
1901,  thus  speaks  of  the  Ash,  mineral  matter,  of  corn: 

"As  a  general  rule  rations  composed  of  a  variety  of  nutritious  foods  contain 
sufficient  ash  to  supply  the  requirements  of  the  body.  Corn,  however,  is  poor  in 
ash,  and  when  fed  extensively  to  growing  animals,  like  pigs,  it  may  be  necessary 
to  add  to  it  some  ash  material." 

Bulletin  No.  135  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  West  Vir- 
ginia, contains  the  following  statement  with  reference  to  the  importance 
of  ash  in  a  feeding  ration: 

"As  compared  with  the  composition  of  an  egg,  most  of  the  grains  commonly 
employed  as  poultry  foods  are  too  low  in  protein  and  ash. 

"In  feeding  for  egg  production  it  is  necessary  not  only  to  have  the  proportion 
of  protein  to  carbohydrates  approximately  correct,  but  it  is  also  essential  to  have 
the  ash  constituents  of  the  ration  sufficient  in  amount.  There  is  nearly  eight 
times  as  much  ash  in  the  dry  substance  of  an  egg  as  there  is  in  corn  or  wheat, 
and  this  deficiency  must  be  made  good  in  some  way," 
There  is  nearly  as  much  ash  in  cotton-seed  meal  as  there  is  in  the  dry 
substance  of  an  egg. 

Corn  contains  about  one-half  as  much  ash  as  oats,  and  about  one-fifth 
as  much  ash  as  cotton-seed  meal  or  cake.  Hence  when  one  pound  of  cotton- 
seed meal  or  cake  is  substituted  for  five  pounds  of  corn  there  is  not  only  the 
same  amount  of  protein  fed,  but  the  same  amount  of  ash  as  well.  The  only 
deficiency,  therefore,  to  be  made  up  is  the  carbohydrates  and  possibly  a  little 
fat,  depending  upon  the  amount  of  fat  in  the  cotton-seed  meal  or  cake,  which 
is  three  or  four  times  that  of  corn. 

Carbohydrates  are  plentiful  generally  any  way,  and  cotton-seed  meal  is 
rich  in  digestible  fat  as  well  as  in  digestible  protein  and  digestible  ash. 

"San  Angelo,  Texas,  March  J,  1913. 

Answering  your  inquiry  of  the  2 1st  inst.  in  regard  to  my  experience  in 
feeding  cattle  with  'The  Creeps'  I  beg  to  say  that  the  only  remedy  I  have  found 
that  is  entirely  efficient  is  cotton-seed  or  cotton-seed  meal  or  cake.  It  is  quite  an 
extreme  case  that  this  fails  to  cure.  It  is  the  only  feed  that  I  have  ever  found  of 
any  value  for  this  range  disease. 

Yours  truly, 

Gerome  W .  Shield. 


Twin  cahes  from  a  cow,  fed  cotton- 
seed meal  and  hulls,  both  before 
and    after    calvintr. 


FEEDING        FARMANIMALS  25 


"San  Angela,  Texas,  February  ig,  igij. 
J.  S.  Abbott,  Esq., 

Austin,  Texas. 
Dear  Sir: 

Replying  to  your  favor  of  the  17th  inst.  with  reference  to  the  treatment  of 
range  cattle  for  the  creeps,  especially  with  reference  to  feeding  cotton-seed  cake, 
I  beg  to  say  that  my  experience  has  been  that  when  cattle  have  been  taken  up 
in  the  early  stage  of  the  creeps  and  fed  on  cottonseed  cake  or  meal  for  from 
thirty  to  sixty  days  the  disease  entirely  disappears.  Of  course,  when  cattle  have 
been  affected  for  a  longer  period  it  naturally  requires  a  longer  time  to  effect  a 
cure,  but  in  every  instance  where  I  have  fed  cattle  affected  ivith  creeps  on  cotton- 
seed meal  or  cake  I  have  effected  a  permanent  cure. 

Respectfully, 

M.   B.  Pulliam." 

"Replying  to  your  favor  of  the  17th  inst.  beg  to  say  that  at  different  times 
I  have  come  into  possession  of  cattle  that  had  been  grazed  in  hilly  pastures  in  dry 
seasons  and  which  had  the  'creeps.'  It  is  ?ny  understanding  that  the  'creeps' 
amounts  to  a  softening  of  the  bone  to  such  an  extent  that  a  very  slight  jar  would 
break  the  bone;  that  this  trouble  is  caused  by  a  lack  of  Bicarbonate  of  Lime  in  the 
food  the  cattle  eat.  Any  food  that  is  rich  in  fat  and  protein  is  an  effective  remedy 
for  the  trouble.  Cotton-seed  is  good,  but  cotton-seed  meal  and  cake  are  better, 
in  fact,  cattle  affected  ivith  the  'creeps'  that  are  fed  regularly  a  ration  of  either 
meal  or  cake  rapidly  recover  and  regain  their  normal  healthy  condition. 

"Cows  that  are  in  bad  shape  and  very  poor  should  be  started  in  on  about 
one-half  pound  of  cake  per  day  and  the  feed  gradually  increased  until  they  get 
three  or  four  pounds  of  cake  or  meal  in  connection  ivith  the  grass  in  pastures  or 
roughness  fed  in  lots." — T.  J.  Clegg,  Concho  Land  Co.,  San  Angelo,  Texas. 


Impotent  Bulls 

A  most  interesting  experience  has  been  that  of  T.  J.  Clegg,  San  Angelo, 
Texas,  in  feeding  old  bulls  upon  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls  as  told  in  the 
following  letter.  Whether  there  be  a  medicinal  principle  in  cotton-seed  meal 
and  hulls,  or  not,  the  fact  that  it  rejuvenates  the  old  and  decrepit  bulls,  cures 
"The  Creeps"  in  cattle  and  "The  Heaves"  in  horses  and  mules,  certainly 
makes  it  an  interesting  subject  for  investigation  by  some  one  interested  in 
trying  to  find  a  physiological  explanation  of  this  empirical  knowledge.  The 
writer  has  talked  to  Mr.  Clegg  upon  the  point  in  question  and  is  satisfied  that 
the  cotton-seed  products  above  mentioned  have  been  the  only  effective  feed- 
ing stuffs  in  producing  the  results  which  he  described. 

It  may  be  that  this  result  is  obtained  simply  by  virtue  of  the  protein  of 
the  cotton-seed  meal.  It  will  be  seen  from  another  page  that  the  digestive  co- 
efficient (digestibility)  of  cotton-seed  meal  is  much  higher  than  that  of  the 
protein  of  other  farm  products.  It  is  88%  for  cotton-seed  meal  and  only 
68%  for  corn  meal.  Besides,  the  former  has  nearly  five  times  as  much  protein 
in  it  as  corn  meal. 


26  FEEDING       FARMANIMALS 

The  following  letter  is  self-explanatory: 

"San  J  riff  do,   Texas,  Feb.   14th,   IQIJ. 
Mr.  J.  S.  Abbot, 

Austin,  Texas. 
Dear  Sir: 

Replying  to  your  letter  of  inquiry  of  February  12th,  IQIJ,  relative  to  my 
experience  in  feeding  Old  Bulls  and  getting  good  service  from  them  after  they 
had  once  been  counted  as  'played  out,'  ivill  say  that  I  have  been  feeding  cattle 
on  rather  an  extensive  scale  uith  Cotton  Seed  Meal  and  Hulls  ever  since  the 
industry  has  been  developed  to  any  great  extent.  At  different  times,  I  have 
bought  old,  run-doivn  registered  bulls  that  were  not  tonsidered  fit  for  service  any 
more  and  put  them  in  a  feed  lot  on  full  feed  and  fed  them  as  long  as  120  days 
until  they  were  finished  fat  on  the  meal  and  hulls,  then,  in  the  Spring,  I  have 
taken  such  bulls  and  turned  them  out  with  the  cows  and  it  is  my  experience,  for 
that  season,  they  would  give  as  much  or  more  service  than  they  ever  had  before 
in  any  one  season  of  their  lives.  I  have  never  kept  such  bulls  longer  than  one 
season  for  breeding  purposes  after  they  had  been  once  fattened  as  above  stated. 
Just  so  a  bull  has  vitality  enough  to  relish  his  feed  and  get  fat,  I  am  quite  sure 
you  will  always  find  the  results  to  be  the  same. 

If  you  desire  any  further  statement  of  my  experience  along  this  line,  please 
call  on  me. 

Very  truly  yours, 

T.  J.   Clegg." 


Chapter  III. 


Wintering  Range  Cattle 


THERE  was  a  time  in  the  good  old  days,  so  the  old  settlers  say,  when  the 
prairie  grass  of  Central  and  West  Texas  was  waist  high  and  therefore 
furnished  an  unlimited  supply  of  winter  as  well  as  summer  food  for  the 
native  cattle  of  unknown  breeding.  But  better  days  came  for  the  pioneer 
who  had  the  energy  and  courage  to  obey  the  Biblical  injunction  to  "Subdue 
and  have  dominion"  over  the  natural  resources  of  this  historic  territory. 
The  range  was  stocked  with  more  and  more  cattle.  More  and  more  land 
became  subject  to  cultivation.  The  old  time  cow  man  pushed  on  farther 
West  hunting  free  open  range.  Today  this  is  a  thing  of  the  past.  As  the 
grass  became  scarce,  the  cow  man  instinctively  turned  his  attention  to 
the  problem  of  finding  feed  to  supplement  the  grass,  especially  during 
drouths  or  during  the  hard  winters  with  their  cold  wet  "northers."  Nature 
supplemented  the  grass  feed  with  the  mesquite  tree  and  the  cactus  plant. 
Some  years  the  mesquite  tree  furnishes  a  large  yield  of  beans  which  are  rich 
in  food  material.  The  cactus  (prickly  pear)  is  covered  with  spines  that 
protect  it  when  it  is  not  needed.  When  it  is  needed,  the  spines  are  burned  off 
so  the  cattle  eat  it  with  great  relish.  It  is  a  roughness  of  great  value  when 
other  feed  is  scarce.  It  contains  about  70%  water,  1.2%  of  protein,  6%  fat, 
and  20%  carbohydrates. 

The  mesquite  beans  are  eaten  up  before  the  latter  part  of  winter.  The 
cactus  contains  very  little  nourishment  and  is  troublesome  to  handle.  Corn 
is  too  expensive  to  winter  cattle  on.  Cotton-seed  cake  is  cheap,  a  good  appe- 
tizer, 'rich  in  food  elements,  especially  protein,  and  easily  handled.  It  has 
solved  the  problem  of  carrying  range  cattle  through  the  winter. 

The  figure  shows  Mr.  J.  P.  Anderson  of  San  Angelo,  Texas,  standing 
with  a  bucket  of  cotton-seed  cake  in  his  hand  calling  his  cows  which  may  be 
seen  coming  toward  him  from  away  back  in  the  mesquite  brush.  When  they 
get  close  to  him,  he  puts  out  a  few  handfuls  close  to  the  root  of  a  bush  to 
keep  them  from  tramping  it  into  the  ground.  It  is  too  valuable  to  be  used  as 
a  fertilizer.  Each  animal  gets  about  i  pound  per  day.  After  he  feeds  all 
the  cattle  that  come  to  him,  he  drives  off  to  another  place  on  the  ranch  and 
feeds  again. 

These  cattle  are  not  the  historic  long  horns.  Their  white  faces  and  red 
bodies  show  their  breeding.  It  is  one  indication  of  the  intelligence  of  the 
owner.  But  the  cotton-seed  cake  feeding  on  the  range  is  the  latest  signifi- 
cance of  the  intelligence  of  the  modern  Westerner. 

Now  what  is  the  value  of  such  a  method  of  feeding?  Before  the  day 
of  cake,  the  ranchman  was  lucky  if  he  did  not  lose  more  than  10%  of  his 
herd  in  bad  winters.  If  he  loses  1%  now,  he  thinks  he  has  sustained  too  big 
a  loss.  But  there  is  another  and  bigger  consideration  to  this  question  than 
this.     The  cake,  according-  to  Mr.  Anderson,  T.  J.  Clegg,  the  Harris  Bros., 


28 


FEEDING       FA^M     ANIMALS 


Rome  Shields,  Willis  Johnson,  and  many  other  well  known  cattlemen  of  the 
San  Angelo  country,  gives  the  cattle  a  good  appetite.  They  actually  eat 
coarser  grasses  and  more  of  them  than  they  would  without  the  cake.  They 
go  through  the  winter  in  good  shape,  and  when  the  spring  grass  comes  on, 
"they  grow^  right  away  from  stuff  that  has  not  been  fed  this  way,"  and  fatten 
for  market  much  earlier  in  the  summer.  That  it  pays  to  feed  cotton-seed 
cake  this  way  is  the  experience  of  every  cattleman  who  has  used  it.  Such 
cattle  pass  through  our  winters  in  a  fine,  healthy,  growing  condition.  Cot- 
ton-seed cake  has  been  the  salvation  of  the  Southwestern  cattleman. 


Will  Feed  Cotton-Seed  Cake  Instead  of  Corn  in  the  Future. 
Mr.  M.  E.  Richardson,  Rice  County,  Kansas,  writes: 

"March  21,   igij. 
Dear  Sir: 

I  have  yours  requesting  my  opinion  of  cotton-seed  meal  or  screened  cracked 
cake  as  a  feed  for  cattle. 

Last  year,  I  wintered  through  250  head  of  cattle  on  hay  and  cake.  This 
winter  I  am  trying  hay  and  corn  on  about  the  same  number  and  uhile  last  ivinter 
was  a  very  bad  winter  my  cattle  did  much  better  than  they  have  this  uinter  and 
from  this  time  on,  I  will  feed  cake  and  hay." 


Likes  Cotton-Seed  Meal  with  Ensilage. 
Mr.  C.  C.  Eisiminger,  Andrew  County,  Missouri,  says: 

"March  21,  J913. 
Dear  Sir: 

Your  card  at  hand.  I  like  cotton-seed  meal  for  a  winter  feed.  I  give  my 
cattle  about  five  pounds  a  day  with  about  JO  lbs.  of  ensilage  and  15  lbs.  alfalfa 
hay. 

My  cattle  do  uell  and  gain  right  along  all  winter." 


'■'f  A  51^':^3^* 


TOOPERTYOF 

Klll.COLLEGF)tBftASY* 


FEEDING        FARMANIMALS  29 


Fattening  Cattle  on  the  Range. 

Since  the  introduction  of  cotton  seed  meal  and  cake  as  a  range  feed, 
many  feeders  have  tried  to  fatten  their  cattle  with  it  upon  the  range,  and 
with  or  without  success  according  to  the  methods  used.  The  cotton-seed 
meal  is  not  suitable  for  range  feeding  for  obvious  reasons.  The  cake,  broken 
up  into  small  nuts,  may  be  poured  out  upon  the  ground  and  picked  up  by 
the  cattle  with  little  loss.  Ihe  first  attempt  to  fatten  cattle  upon  the  range 
was  to  haul  out  a  load  of  cake  to  a  central  place  upon  the  ranch  and  call  up 
the  cattle  and  scatter  out  the  cake  to  them.  It  did  not  take  long  for  the  cattle 
to  become  trained  to  an  understanding  of  the  purpose  of  the  call.  Hence, 
in  a  short  time  they  would  respond  to  it,  often  running  a  mile  or  two  to  get 
a  meal.  The  result  of  course  was  that  they  ran  off  so  much  fat  that  it  was 
not  practicable  to  fatten  in  this  manner. 

One  of  the  first  ranchmen  to  successfully  fatten  cattle  upon  the  range 
was  Mr.  T.  J.  Clegg  of  the  San  Angelo  country,  Texas.  He  is  an  experi- 
enced feeder,  having  fattened  as  many  as  7,000  steers  in  one  season.  His 
plan  of  range  fattening  is  a  modification  of  the  method  just  described  as  a 
failure.  He  sends  two  .or  three  wagons  out  upon  the  range  every  morning. 
The  drivers  are  instructed  to  stay  out  all  day  and  not  to  call  the  cattle,  but 
to  drive  to  the  cattle,  throwing  out  a  shovel  full  of  cake  here  and  there, 
wherever  he  found  them.  The  cattle  soon  became  accustomed  to  understand 
the  purpose  of  the  wagon  and  to  hunt  it  when  they  heard  the  noise  it  made. 
In  a  little  while  it  was  no  trouble  to  feed  them  this  way  and  it  was  likewise 
no  trouble  to  fatten  cattle  upon  the  range. 

The  advantages  of  range  fattening  are  many.  The  grass  takes  the  place 
of  cotton-seed  hulls  and  decreases  the  cost  of  feeding  by  that  amount.  The 
cattle  are  tamed  to  an  extent  that  is  valuable  in  handling  them.  They  are  not 
subjected  to  all  the  unfavorable  conditions  of  penning.  It  saves  much  ex- 
pense of  hiring  hands  to  do  the  feeding,  for  the  ranch  has  to  have  a  certain 
amount  of  help  anyway.  Thus,  by  a  proper  use  of  cotton-seed  cake  an  ad- 
ditional revenue  comes  to  the  stock  man.  They  say  there  is  no  other  feed 
equal  to  it  for  keeping  their  cattle  in  a  fine,  healthy,  growing  condition  as 
well  as  for  fattening  purposes,  and  no  other  feed  that  produces  such  a  fine 
quality  of  meat. 


30 


FEEDING      FARM     ANIMALS 


This  is  a  picture  of  the  thorny  prickly  pear  indigenous  to  the  southwestern  part  of  the  United 
States  and  Mexico.  This  is  nature's  method  of  storing  up  food  and  water  for  the  live 
stock  of  this  territory.  During  long  periods  of  drouth  the  thorns  are  burned  off  of  this 
feeding  stuff  and  it  is  fed  to  cattle  in  connection  with  cold  press  cotton-seed  meal  or  with 
cotton-seed  cake. 


In  the  middle  of  this  picture  Mr.  Anderson  is 
seen  calling  the  cattle  which  he  is  going  to 
feed  with  cotton-seed  cake.  All  cattle  within 
the  sound  of  his  voice  understand  the  mean- 
ing of  the  call. 


Mr.  Anderson  puts  the  cotton-seed  cake  near  the  roots  of  trees  or  bushes  so  that  the  cattle 
will  not  tramp  it  into  the  ground.  These  range  cattle  eat  about  one  pound  per  head  per 
day.  This  keeps  them  in  a  healthy,  thriving  condition  and  gives  them  a  good  appetite 
which  causes  them  to  eat  more  of  the  coarse  grasses  than  they  would  otherwise.  In  the 
spring  time  when  the  grass  begins  to  grow  these  cattle  begin  to  fatten  at  once. 


FEEDING        FARM     ANIMALS 


31 


Fattening  Range  Cattle  in  Pens. 

The  severest  test  to  which  cotton-seed  meal,  cake  or  hulls  has  ever  been 
put,  or  to  which  it  can  ever  be  put,  with  respect  to  its  adaptability  as  a  food 
for  farm  live  stock,  is  the  one  familiar  to  every  man,  woman  and  child  of 
the  South,  viz.,  the  fattening  of  range  cattle  in  pens  for  market  with  cotton- 
seed meal  and  hulls.  Quite  a  contrary  opinion  is  generally  held,  however. 
It  is  such  a  common  thing  to  see  a  pen  of  range  cattle  feeding  upon  cotton- 
seed meal  and  hulls  that  our  own  intelligent  citizenship  has  come  to  think 
and  to  express  its  opinion  that  such  a  feeding  ration  is  not  suitable  for  any 
other  kind  of  farm  live  stock.  On  the  other  hand,  every  pen  of  cattle,  feed- 
ing upon  cotton-seed  products,  is  a  concrete,  living,  and  unanswerable  argu- 
ment that  such  a  feed  may  be  fed  under  any  other  conditions  and  circum- 
stances arising  with  respect  to  feeding  farm  live  stock.  This  fact  is  not  only 
borne  out  by  actual  experience,  numerous  examples  of  which  could  be  cited, 
but  it  is  in  accord  with  the  fundamental  principles  of  physiology  and 
dietetics. 

What  has  been  the  ration  of  a  train  load  of  range  cattle  which  is  going 
into  the  feeding  pen?  What  has  been  their  environment?  Their  ration  of 
course  varied  with  the  locality  from  which  they  came,  but  in  most  cases  in 
the  South  it  has  been  mixed  grasses  of  varying  composition.  They  have 
lived  all  their  lives  almost  if  not  altogether  upon  grass,  either  green  or  dry. 
From  generation  to  generation  they  have  been  born  and  raised  upon  grass. 
Every  cell  of  their  bodies, — their  muscles,  blood,  bones  and  hair,  as  well  as 
their  nervous  organism, — has  been  formed  and  attuned  to  a  peculiar  food 


32  FEEDING       FARMANIMALS 

and  environment.  They  have  perhaps  never  seen  any  form  oi  concentrated 
food,  especially  in  the  Southwest.  Thin  of  flesh  and  wild  they  are  penned  up 
close  together,  usually  near  the  roar  of  the  railroad  trains  and  steam  whis- 
tles, unprotected  from  wind  and  rain,  and  sleet  and  snow.  In  from  60  to  90 
days  these  old  dry  bones  must  take  on  flesh  and  fat  and  become  a  finished 
product.  And  in  fact  the  miracle  is  performed  with  cotton-seed  meal  and 
hulls. 

What  is  the  chasm  between  these  two  rations?  The  ration  of  the  range 
(the  ration  of  heredity)  and  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls?  The  nutritive  ratio 
of  the  grasses  they  have  been  raised  upon  may  vary  from  i  to  25.  It  may  be 
even  greater  than  this.  The  nutritive  ratio  of  prairie  grass  hay  is  i  to  84. 
If,  as  is  sometimes  the  case,  sorghum  fodder  has  been  feed,  they  have  become 
somewhat  accustomed  to  a  nutritive  ratio  of  i  to  22.  But  when  these  cattle 
enter  the  feed  pen  they  at  once  and  for  the  first  time  in  their  lives  begin  feed- 
ing upon  a  concentrated  food  having  a  nutritive  ratio  of  i  to  1.2!  Think  of 
it!  Going  suddenly  from  one  extreme  to  the  other!  Cotton-seed  meal 
is  mixed  with  hulls  and  a  nutritive  ration  of  about  i  to  6  is  obtained  and 
maintained  to  the  end  of  the  fattening  period. 

Is  this  not  a  severe  test  of  the  digestive  apparatus  of  an  animal,  and  of 
the  feeding  value  and  wholesomeness  of  a  feed  ration?  How  does  such  a 
change  agree  with  the  well  known  principles  of  physiology  and  dietetics? 

"In  laying  out  a  plan  of  alimentation  the  following  points  should  be  con- 
sidered: The  first  change  in  diet  should  not  be  too  great!" — Max  Einhorn, 
M.  D.,  Diet  and  Nutrition,  Professor  of  Medicine  at  the  New  York  Post 
Graduate  Medical  School  and  Hospital. 

Another  eminent  authority,  Professor  I.  P.  Pavlov,  Director  of  the  Phy- 
siological Section  of  the  Imperial  Institute  of  Experimental  Medicine,  St. 
Petersburg,  makes  the  following  statement  on  the  point  in  question,  in  his 
book,  ''The  Work  of  the  Digestive  Glands": 

"Every  food  determines  a  certain  amount  of  digestive  work,  and  when  a 
given  dietary  is  long  continued,  definite  and  fixed  types  of  gland  activity  are  set 
up  which  can  be  altered  but  slow^ly  and  with  difficulty.  In  consequence,  digestive 
disturbances  are  often  instituted  if  a  change  be  suddenly  made  from  one  dietetic 
REGIME  to  another,  especially  from  a  sparse  to  a  rich  diet,  such,  for  instance, 
as  happens  after  the  long  Russian  fasts.  These  disturbances  are  expressions  of 
the  temporary  insufficiency  of  the  digestive  glands  to  meet  the  new  demands  made 
upon  them." 


bteers  feeding  upon  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulh 


FEEDING        FARM     ANIMALS 


A  pen  of  cattle  fattening  upon  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls  in  Guthrie,  Oklahoma. 

Many  cattle  are  taken  right  up  off  the  range  from  a  long  fast  on  a 
scanty  diet  poor  in  protein  and  put  upon  the  richest  diet  known  and  stuffed 
to  the  very  limit.  The  fact  that  these  cattle  thrive  upon  such  changed  feed- 
ing and  under  such  changed  surroundings  is  the  most  potent  and  convincing 
argument  for  cotton-seed  products  for  farm  live  stock  feeding  that  will  ever, 
be  obtained  from  the  experience  of  the  practical  feeder  or  from  the  Experi-' 
ment  Stations  of  our  A.  &  M.  Colleges. 

The  breed  of  range  cattle  experimented  upon  as  explained  above  must 
be  taken  into  consideration  to  fully  appreciate  the  value  of  cotton-seed  meal 
and  hulls.  When  meal  and  hulls  first  began  to  be  fed,  the  range  cattle  of 
the  South  and  Southwest  were  scrubs,  hard  to  fatten.  In  Texas,  Oklahoma, 
and  New  Mexico  these  were  the  notorious  long  horn  cattle,  of  long,  thin 
bodies,  long  legs,  and  little  loin.  But  it  was  possible  to  fatten  these  cattle  upon 
cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls. 


Another    pen    of    cattle    fattening    upon    cotton-seed    meal    and    hul 
Ballinger,  Texas. 


34 


FEEDING       FARM      ANIMALS 


wvs^p-- 


These  are  photographs  of  native  steers  of  the  southwestern  plains  of  the  United  States  and 
Mexico,  known  as  "long  horns."  These  steers  never  had  any  concentrated  food  until  they 
were  put  into  the  feeding  pens  at  Austin,  Texas,  shown  in  photographs,  where  they  are 
being  fattened  upon  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls. 


FEEDING   FARM  ANIMALS 


35 


A  pen  of  steers  fattened  upon  ensilage  and  cotton-seed  meal. 

Over-Feeding  an  Animal. 

It  is  a  well  known  principle  of  physiology  that  over-feeding  is  detri- 
mental to  any  animal.  This  fact  is  expressed  in  the  following  language  in 
Bulletin  No.   115  of  the  Louisiana  Agricultural  Experiment  Station: 

"It  is  frequently  the  case  that  animals  receive  more  food  than  is  necessary 
for  their  most  perfect  health  and  working  condition.  There  being  a  limit  to 
the  digestive  powers,  food  that  is  partaken  of  above  that  required  for  proper 
maintenance  (according  to  the  class  of  animal  and  the  work  demanded),  not  only 
overtaxes  the  digestive  organs  and,  consequently,  excites  diseases,  but  is  an  absolute 
waste." 

"The  most  essential  tiling  in  feeding  meal  and  hulls  is  to  begin  feeding  a 
proper  proportion  of  meal,  and  increase  the  meal  sloivly.  It  should  also  be  seen 
that  the  meal  and  hulls  are  thoroughly  mixed  before  feeding.  The  proportion  of 
meal  fed  should  be  governed  by  the  weight  and  age  of  the  cattle. 

The  first  ten  days  ration  of  feed  used  was  2y2  pounds  of  meal  and  i8 
pounds  of  hulls  per  head  per  day.  The  proportion  of  meal  was  increased  slowly. 
The  last  ten  days  before  shipping  8  pounds  of  meal  per  head  was  used.  The 
average  feed  for  lOO  days,  S  pounds  of  meal  and  30  pounds  of  hulls. 

Sheds  or  ivind-breaks  should  be  used  for  protection  against  the  cold  iieather, 
and  a  sufficient  supply  of  ivater  should  be  available  at  all  times. 

These  steers  were  shipped  to  St.  Louis  in  February.  The  land  was  plowed' 
very  deep,  and  planted  in  cotton,  corn  and  cow  peas.  It  produced  nearly  a  bale 
of  cotton  per  acre,  which  had  previously  taken  6  or  8  acres  to  make  a  bale  of 
cotton.     Corn  yielded  around  50  bushels  per  acre. 

Any  one  ozvning  their  farms  ivill  make  big  profits  by  feeding  cattle  on  their 
lands,  iL'hether  or  not  they  make  a  profit  on  the  cattle,  as  the  fertilizer  alone  will 
make  a  handsome  dividend. — R.  H.  Winfield,  Mgr.,  Enterprise  Cotton  Oil  Co., 
Augusta,  Ark." 

Durant,  Okla.,  Feb.  25,  IQIJ. 

"I  have  been  a  heavy  buyer  of  the  product  of  the  Durant  Cotton  Oil  Com- 
pany of  Durant,  Oklahoma,  for  years,  having  fed  thousands  of  cattle  at  their 
mill,  and  take  this  opportunity  of  expressing  my  appreciation  of  their  courteous 
treatment  and  to  compliment  them  on  the  grade  of  their  product.  I  knoiv  of 
no  feed  which  can  be  fed  more  economically,  or  will  put  on  fat  as  quickly  as 
cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls.  Considering  the  very  high  percentage  of  protein  and 
fat  in  the  meal,  and  when  fed  ivith  cotton-seed  hulls,  I  believe  the  combination 
to  be  the  best  and  cheapest  feed  on  earth. 


36 


FEEDING   FARM  ANIMALS 


The  last  of  the  "Long  Horns."  Owned  by  Ed. 
C.  Lasater,  Falfurrias,  Texas,  and  kept  as 
a  reminder  of  the  days  that  are  gone. 


"The  small  feeder,  as  well  as  the  large,  should  use  more  of  this  product  of  the 
mills,  and  make  money,  and  at  the  same  time  prevent  the  exporter  from  taking 
our  cotton-seed  meal  for  foreign  buyers,  ivho  realize  that  in  buying  cotton-seed 
meal,  they  are  getting  more  feed  value  for  their  money  than  in  any  concentrated 
feed  known." — Hugh  Holsell,  President,  Durant  Cotton  Oil  Co.,  Durant,  Okla. 

"With  corn  selling  at  6oc.  a  bushel,  the  feeder  places  much  dependence  on 
cotton-seed  meal  or  cake  as  an  expense  reducer.  I  feed  it  to  all  my  cattle  and 
would  not  know  ivhat  to  do  without  it.  It  is  a  great  flesh  producer  and  as  a 
hair  finisher  it  has  no  rivals.  Getting  the  hair  into  shape  is  one  of  the  hardest 
things  a  feeder  has  to  do  as  the  value  of  the  skin  of  the  animal  puts  much  more 
worth  on  it,  and  is  an  asset  to  every  steer  sold.  This  shipment  I  just  marketed 
I  fed  for  five  months  on  clover  hay,  corn  and  cotton-seed  meal.  They  iver^ 
yearlings  and  their  gain  was  remarkable.  They  averaged  86$  pounds  and  at 
$6.85  per  cwt.  made  me  money.  I  ivas  ivell  satisfied  with  the  sale  and  cannot  say 
too  much  good  of  the  St.  Louis  market." — C.  H.  Terry,  Cattle  Feeder,  Jersey 
County,  III. 

"Considering  the  excellent  results  secured  from  cotton-seed  meal  during  the 
time  it  ivas  fed,  together  with  the  fact  that  the  two  lots  of  horses  seem  to  have 
been  so  nearly  of  equal  average  feeding  qualities,  there  is  every  indication  that  the 
ration  containing  cotton-seed  rneal  was  in  no  way  inferior  and  probably  was 
slightly  superior  to  the  Unseed  oil  meal  ration  in  efficiency." — Bulletin  lOQ, 
Experiment  Station,  Iowa  State  College.  The  Value  of  Corn,  Oil  Meal,  Cotton- 
Seed  Meal  and  Gluten  Feed  in  Work  Horse  Rations. 

"The  addition  of  cotton-seed  meal  to  a  ration  of  shelled  corn  and  clover 
hay,  resulted  in  a  more  rapid  and  cheaper  gain,  a  higher  finish  and  a  greater 
profit  per  steer." — Bulletin  136,  Purdue  University  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station,  Lafayette,  Ind. 

"The  three  rations  fed  to  steers  gave  percentage  of  gain  and  the  greatest 
daily  average  gain  in  the  following  order:  Cassava,  cotton-seed  products  and 
corn  meal. 

The  result  of  feeding  shoived  a  profit  on  the  investment  as  folloivs:  Cassava, 
48.82  per  cent.;  cotton-seed  products,  87.43  P<'^  cent.;  corn  meal,  14.6Q  per 
cent." — Bulletin  55,  Florida  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 


FEEDING        FARM     ANIMALS 


37 


Would  Not  Attempt  to  Feed  Without  Cotton-Seed  Meal  or  Cake. 

Mr.  G.  B.  Kelly,  of  the  well-known  firm  of  Verner-Kelly  Commission 
Co.,  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  writes: 

"March,  27,  1913. 
In  answer  to  your  inquiry  as  to  cotton-seed  meal  and  cake  I  wish  to  say 
that  I  have  been  using  both  the  meal  and  screened  cracked  cake  for  the  past 
eight  years  and  will  say  that  I  find  it  a  very  valuable  feed  both  for  fattening 
cattle  and  also  for  wintering  cattle  on  the  range,  as  I  have  used  it  quite  exten- 
sively in  both  cases.  In  fattening  cattle  for  beef  market,  I  use  the  meal  with 
either  corn  chops  or  shelled  corn,  and  in  carrying  cattle  through  the  winter,  to 
graze  the  following  su?nmer,  I  used  the  screened  cake.  Have  used  this  cake  in 
Kansas,  where  we  use  hay  and  other  forage  feed  as  roughness,  and  have  also 
used  it  in  the  Panhandle  country  of  Texas,  where  cattle  graze  the  old  grass  as 
roughness.  I  icould  not  attempt  to  full-feed  cattle  for  the  beef  market  without 
a  ration  of  cotton-seed  meal,  nor  would  I  expect  to  winter  cattle  in  either  Kansas 
or  Texas  without  a  ration  of  the  cottonseed  cake." 


says 


Useless  to  Try  to  Feed  Without  Cotton-Seed  Meal  and  Ensilage. 
Mr.  Fred  McCullough,  successful  feeder  of  Poweshiek  County,  Iowa, 

"March  8,  1 91 3. 

Yours  of  the  6th  inst.  asking  for  my  opinion  in  the  feeding  of  cotton-seed 
meal  received  and  in  reply  icill  say  that  I  have  been  using  it  in  connection  with 
silage  for  some  years  and  find  it  an  excellent  feed  and  it  is  almost  useless  to  try 
to  feed  silage  in  feeding  cattle  without  the  cotton-seed  meal. 

With  this  cheap  ration  ice  have  made  exceptional  gains  and  always  sell  at 
near  the  top  price." 


Feeds  Well  Anyway. 

H.  D.  Hover,  one  of  the  most  successful  feeders  in  Greenwood  County, 
Kansas,  writes : 

"March  20,  191 3. 
In  regard  to  the  feeding  of  cake: 

I  have  found  in  my  ten  years'  experience  it  is  the  cheapest  feed  I  can  buy. 
Feeds  well  ivith  our  ivild  grass  in  the  fall,  feeds  well  ivith  cane  and  I'm 
getting  good  results  this  year  using  'f  with  ensilage." 


A  few   pens  of  cattle  fattened   with  cotton-seed   meal    and   hulls    and    ready 
to  be  shipped  to  market. 


38 


FEEDING      FARM      ANIMALS 


Finds  Cotton-Seed  Cake  the  Cheapest  and  Best  to  Winter  Cattle. 
Englehart  &  Son,  extensive  feeders  of  Greenwood  County,  Kansas,  say; 

"March   IQ,  IQIJ. 

We  think  that  cotton-cake  is  the  cheapest  feed  that  ice  can  use  to  balance 
the  ration.     fVe  half  feed  about  JOO  head  per  year. 

When  the  grass  commences  to  dry  up  in  the  fall,  ice  commence  ivith  one 
pound  per  day,  per  head  and  gradually  increase  until  the  cattle  are  eating  three 
pounds  per  day,  then  ice  haul  them  all  the  cane  and  caffir  corn  buts  and  prairie 
hay  that  they  will  clean  up,  stalks  and  all.  We  feed  in  the  pasture  until  about 
Christmas,  then  move  them  into  the  feed  lots  and  feed  cane  and  caffir  corn  until 
the  first  of  March,  then  put  them  on  shock  corn  and  alfalfa,  feeding  three  pounds 
of  cake  all  the  while.  We  aim  to  take  the  corn  away  from  them  about  two 
weeks  before  they  go  to  graze. 

This  tnethod  of  feeding  costs  us  from  $15.00  to  $17.00  per  head.  The 
cattle  are  as  good  as  those  fed  shock  corn  and  hay  all  winter  and  costs  $20.00 
to  $25.00,  and  will  graze  a  lot  better." 


Has  Fed  Cotton-Seed  Products  for  Tv/enty  Years. 
H.  L.  O'Bryan,  well  known  feeder  of  LaBette  County,  Kansas,  says; 

"March   19,  IQI3. 

For  nearly  twenty  years  I  have  been  feeding  cattle  and  using  cotton-seed 
meal,  screened  cake  and  hulls  with  such  excellent  results,  that  I  would  not  icant 
to  undertake  to  fatten  a  bunch  of  cattle  without  having  some  form  of  cotton-seed 
products  to  go  with  their  other  feed. 

For  finishing  fat  cattle.  I  use  the  cotton-seed  meal  with  ground  car  corn. 
For  wintering  aged  cattle  I  like  the  screened  cake." 


FEEDING        FARM     ANIMALS 


39 


Gets    Big    Gains. 

M.  I.  Mullins,  one  of  Iowa's  most  successful  feeders,  of  Dallas  County, 
writes: 

"March  14,  19 1 3. 

In  regard  to  my  feeding  : 

I  feed  ground  corn,  cob  and  choice  screened  cracked  cake. 

I  grind  corn  and  cob  and  cotton  seed  cake  all  together  and  ?ny  feeding  is 
all  done  under  roof  and  my  barns  are  all  cement  floors. 

You  must  give  cattle  the  very  best  of  care  if  you  make  good  gains.  I  have 
made  gains  as  high  as  four  pounds  a  day  and  held  it  for  106  days  straight." 


Will  Not  Feed  Inferior  Feed. 


Mr.  B.  B.  Huckell,  Ray  County,  Missouri,  writes: 

"March  8,   191 3. 

Yours  to  hand  in  regard  to  the  feed  that  I  use  in  fattening  cattle  and  will 
say  that  I  use  four  pounds  of  screened  cotton-seed  cake  or  meal,  twenty  pounds 
corn  silage,  five  pounds  of  alfalfa  hay  every  other  day  and  all  the  shelled  corn 
they  will  eat  and  I  usually  get  an  average  of  three  pounds  a  day.  Have  got  as 
high  as  four  pounds  but  that  is  unusual. 

I  have  been  feeding  cattle  for  years  and  have  found  that  I  get  better  results 
with  the  above  rations  and  have  less  loss  than  any  other  ration  I  have  fed.  I  did 
not  think  the  cotton-seed  meal  or  cake  was  of  much  value  until  three  years  ago, 
I  heard  so  much  talk  that  I  decided  to  try  it  fnyself  and  I  ivould  not  think  of 
doing  without  it  now.  It  seems  to  be  just  ivhat  icas  needed  to  make  a  balanced 
ration. 

I  think  a  person  should  be  careful  about  getting  feed  of  good  quality  as  so 
many  seem  to  think  that  most  any  kind  of  feed  will  be  all  right  for  cattle,  but 
I  have  found  that  the  best  is  cheapest  and  I .  for  one,  am  going  to  let  the  other 
fellows  feed  the  inferior  feed." 


No.  19. 

A  train-load  of  22  cars  of  cattle  on  its  way  to  market.     These  cattle  were 

fattened  on  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls. 


40 


FEEDING       FARM      ANIMALS 


t¥    ^  ■'• 


l%rJt 


The  Death  Loss  is  Less. 
A.  G.  Williamson,  extensive  dealer  of  Grant  County,  Kansas,  writes; 

•   "March  ii,  1913. 

In  regard  to  your  letter: 

I  am  not  in  position  to  answer  thoroughly,  although  I  sold  sixteen  cars  last 
year  of  the  screened  cake. 

Last  year  was  a  very  hard  year  on  cattle,  the  storm  setting  in  the  last  of 
November  and  lasting  until  the  first  of  April,  with  an  average  of  12  incites  of 
snow  on  the  level. 

Most  stockmen  were  out  of  all  kind  of  roughness  in  three  iveeks.  They 
used  from  I  to  2  pounds  of  cake  per  head. 

One  man  I  know  of  had  plenty  of  grain  and  no  cake,  fed  plenty  of  grain 
and  was  the  heaviest  loser  in  the  country,  only  saving  17  head  out  of  43  head, 
while  parties  with  plenty  of  cake  didnt  average  losing  over  5%  of  their  cattle. 
There  is  nothing  cattle  can  live  on  as  long  as  a  small  amount  of  cake." 


Makes  Three  Feeds  Instead  of  Two. 
Mr.  T.  D.  White,  of  Carroll  County,  Missouri,  writes: 

"March  10,  19 13. 

In  reply  to  yours  in  regard  to  my  opinion  of  cotton-seed  meal  or  cake  as  a 
feed  for  cattle : 

In  all  my  cattle  feeding  in  winter  and  dry  lot  feeding  for  the  last  ten  years 
I  have  used  cotton-seed  products  and  have  been  luell  pleased  with  results. 

Feeding  the  concentrated  feeds  shortens  the  feeding  period  about  two  months, 
or  in  other  words,  i  make  three  feeds  with  the  same  money  I  used  to  do  only 
two  feeds." 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


41 


"After  spending  over  fifty  years  of  my  life  in  feeding,  breeding,  and  ship- 
ping live  stock  in  one  of  the  north  central  states  where  corn  is  the  chief  food  for 
all  kinds  of  stock,  three  years  ago  I  came  to  Texas  (I  regret  that  I  did  not  come 
forty  years  ago)  on  account  of  the  fine  climate.  I  had  made  up  ?ny  mind  to 
quit  the  live  stock  game  altogether.  But  the  old  live  stockman  knows  too  ivell 
how  I  kept  my  ivord.  fVe  cannot  forget  our  first  love.  So  here  I  am  in  Dixie 
Land,  worrying  and  fretting  and  feeding  and  forgetting  my  years.  But  you 
wanted  to  know  what  I  think  of  cottonseed  products.  I  will  not  tell  you  what 
I  have  read,  but  ivill  tell  you  in  a  plain,  horse  sense  way,  what  we  have  done. 
Two  years  ago  we  began  feeding  a  few  cattle,  just  nibbled  a  little,  to  get  onto 
the  ropes.  I  was  much  better  pleased  zcith  results  than  any  cattle  I  ever  fed 
on  corn  in  the  North.  I  fed  a  feiv  more  this  winter,  and  I  am  highly  pleased 
with  the  results. 

We  have  also  been  feeding  from  lOO  to  JOO  sheep.  I  mean  we  keep  about 
that  many  in  the  lots  all  the  time.  Most  of  these  are  coming  yearlings.  The 
results  are  very  gratifying.  Indeed,  it  is  remarkable  the  amount  of  meal  a  sheep 
can  consume.  Lambs  weighing  4§  to  50  pounds  ivhen  they  ivent  into  the  feed 
lots  soon  ca/ne  to  full  feed  of  2  pounds  per  head  daily.  It  is  a  remarkable  fact 
that  we  have  not  lost  a  sheep  from  the  effects  of  the  food  we  have  given  them. 
We  feed  a  small  amount  of  oats  nith  the  cotton-seed  meal,  but  only  ichen  I  am 
crowding  them  heavily  on  meal. 

We  also  kept  about  lOO  head  of  hogs  on  the  farm  like  most  farmers — hogs 
of  all  ages  and  sizes.  We  began  to  feed  very  cautiously  as  we  ivere  warned. 
We  let  them  run  on  wheat  pasture  and  feed  other  feeds  but  I  notice  the  ones  that 
get  the  most  cotton-seed  meal  are  moving  up  their  greasy  trail  as  the  business  ivas 
rushing  in  the  interior. 

When  I  first  began  to  feed  cotton-seed  products,  I  asked  many  farmers  for 
information  but  their  opinions  were  so  varied  that  I  decided  to  'take  the  bull  by 
the  horns'  and  follow  the  motto  of  'The  lark  and  the  farmer' ;  I  am  satisfied 
with  results.  Some  farmers  told  me  that  oil  meal  ivould  kill  hogs.  So  will 
corn  kill  sheep  and  cattle  if  you  do  not  know  how  to  feed  it.  Were  I  to  decide 
to  feed  in  the  North  again,  cotton-seed  products  ivould  be  the  principle  feed  as 
it  is  both  a  pleasure  and  a  profit  to  feed  it." — Thomas  F.  Boyer,  Ft.  Worth, 
Tex.,  R.  F.  D.  No.  3. 


42 


FEEDING      FARM      ANIMALS 


'Whitesboro,  Texas,  Feb.  24,  IQIJ. 


JVhitesboro  Cotton-Oil  Co., 
City. 

Gentlemen: 

I  have  run  a  meat  market  in  this  town  for  19  years,  and  for  the  past  12 
years,  ivinter  and  summer,  I  have  fed  meal  and  hulls  for  fattening  the  stock 
which  I  kill.  I  have  fed  cattle  on  this  feed  for  5  months  prior  to  butchering,  and 
believe  I  could  have  fed  them  on  indefinitely  icithout  any  injury  to  them.  I 
get  better  results  and  a  much  greater  profit  when  feeding  meal  and  hulls  to  beef 
cattle  than  from  any  other  feed. 

Yours  truly, 

E.  L.  Mills.  Proprietor, 

City  Meat  Market." 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


43 


Rations 


Fattening  Steers. 

Successful  ration  used  by  R.   H.   Winfield,   Augusta,   Ga. : 

Cotton-seed  meal  5    pounds 

Cotton-seed  hulls   30 

Successful  ration  used  by   C.   C.   Esiminger,  Andrew  County,  Mo.: 

Cotton-seed  meal   5    pounds 

Ensilage 30 

Alfalfa  hay   15 

Successful  ration  used  by  B.   B.  Huckell,  Ray  County,  Mo.: 

Cotton-seed  meal   4  pounds 

Corn  ensilage  20 

Alfalfa   hay,   every   other   day 5  " 

All  the  corn  they  will  eat. 

Successful  ration  used  by  M.  I.   Mullin,   Dallas   County,   Iowa: 
Cotton-seed  cake.  Corn  on  cob. 

Equal  parts  ground  together. 

Daily   Ration  for  Fattening  Cattle. 

Amount  for  1000  lbs.  Live  Weight. 
Ration  No.  i:  Ration  No.  4: 

17  lbs.  Corn.  12  lbs.  Corn. 

4  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal.  4  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal. 

8  lbs.  Cotton-seed  hulls.  H  lbs.  Cow-pea  hay. 

15  lbs.  Sorghum  silage.  Ration  No.  5: 

Ration  No.  2:  ^^  l^^-  ^orn. 

4  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal. 

^^    ?^-  r.?f"-     ,-  14  lbs.  Alfalfa  hay. 

3  lbs.  Wheat  bran.  -d  .•        xt      ^ 

3  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal.  ^^^^^°"  N?,-  f; 

12  lbs.  Sorghum  hay.  ^  ^^-  Co    on-seed  meal. 

^               -^  30  lbs.  Cotton-seed  hulls. 

Ration  No.  3:  Ration  No.  7: 

18  lbs.  Corn.  18  lbs.  Corn. 

4  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal.  4  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal. 
12  lbs.  Sorghum  hay.                                              12  lbs.  Cotton-seed  hulls. 

Daily  Ration  for  Growing  Cattle. 

Amount  for  1000  lbs.  Live  Weight. 
Ration  No.  i :  Ration  No.  3 : 

12  lbs.  Corn.  12  lbs.  Corn. 

2  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal.  2  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal. 

5  lbs.  Wheat  bran,  15  lbs.  Corn  silage. 
12  lbs.  Cotton-seed  hulls.                                      10  lbs.  Cow-pea  hay. 

Ration  No.  2:  Ration  No.  4: 

14  lbs.  Corn.  6  lbs.  Corn. 

3  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal.  2  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal. 

4  lbs.  Wheat  Bran.  20  lbs.  Corn  silage. 

12  lbs.  Sorghum  hay.  12  lbs.  Cow-pea  or  alfalfa  hay. 

Ration  No.  5 : 

6  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal. 
25  lbs.  Cotton-seed  hulls. 


44 


FEEDING   FARM   ANIMALS 


Chapter  IV. 


Poultry  Feeding 


46 


FEEDING      FARM      ANIMALS 


Poultry  Feeding 


WHENEVER  there  is  any  attempt  to  raise  more  poultry  than  the 
family  consumes,  the  feeding  problem  presents  itself  here  just  as  in 
other  farm  live  stock  feeding.  The  same  fundamental  principles  of 
nutrition  obtain  here  as  elsewhere — underfeeding,  overfeeding,  kinds  of 
feeding  stuffs,  etc.,  etc. 

The  following  observation  of  "The  Cornell  Reading  Courses,  Vol.  I,  No. 
lo,"  is  worthy  of  mention  here: 

"Quantity  and  Quality  o£  Food. 
It  will  readily  be  conceded  that  if  chicks  are  not  given  sufficient  food  to 
supply  their  bodily  requirements,  they  cannot  be  expected  to  grow  satisfactorily. 
It  is  equally  true  that  the  food  may  be  abundant  but  of  such  a  quality  that  it  will 
not  yield  sufficient  nourishment.  For  example,  chicks  fed  on  a  ration  consisting 
largely  of  bran  or  some  other  material  containing  a  large  proportion  of  indiges- 
tible fiber  could  not  eat  enough  of  the  food  to  supply  the  needs  of  their  bodies, 
although  their  crops  might  be  constantly  full.  On  the  other  hand,  chicks  fed 
chiefly  on  beef  scrap  or  on  sour  milk  curd  would,  in  their  efforts  to  fill  their 
crops,  get  more  food  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  a  hard  shell,  such  as 
they  i^^HMjiHHHHii^HIHHH   niillet.    The 

digest.  ^^^^^^^^H^^^^^^^l  ()i'g'ins 
In   the  first  case  the  ^^^^^PBl^^T  ;^^^^^|  chickens   may   not   be 
chicks     would     be  ^^^^^^7^3^    U^I^Hh   ^^^^     ^°     crush     this 
starved,    and    in    the  ^^^^^  ^fl^     l^^^^^H   ^^^^^^'   ^"'^   ^^^  chicks 
second  the)'  would  be  ^^^^^^^^T        i  ^^^^H   "^^>'  ^^^^^  ^  ^^^S^ 

overfed.     Chick  foods  ^^^^^^^m       ,^^^^^^1  Q  ^/'^  "  ^  i  ^  V  ^1^^ 

sometimes  a  ^^^^^^^Fv^(^^B^^^^|  S^'^'^'n  obtain- 

percentage     of  ^^^^^^^Hl^^^^^^^^H  i"g 
small  seeds  encased  in  ment  from  it. 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


47 


"Cracked  and  Ground  Grains. 
Chicks  appear  to  need  both  cracked  and  ground  grain. 

"Animal  Foods. 
Fowls  seem  to  need  animal  food.  In  the  natural  state  the  chicks  are  reared 
at  a  season  when  the  suppl_v  of  insects  and  earthworms  is  abundant,  and  the 
mother  hen  exerts  herself  to  procure  this  food  for  her  brood.  One  flock,  how- 
ever, was  given  the  mash  mixture  and  beef  scrap,  with  no  cracked  grain.  For 
this  flock  the  quantity  of  beef  scrap  consumed  was  more  at  times  than  all  the 
other  food.  Eighty-nine  per  cent,  of  these  chicks  died  of  digestive  troubles 
before  they  were  seven  weeks  old,  probably  because  of  their  abnormal  consump- 
tion of  a  highly  concentrated  food. 

A  Good  Ration  for  Chick  Feeding. 
From  the  first  day  to  the  fourth,  the  following  mixtures  may  be  used. 

By  Weight 

Rolled  Oats    8  parts 

Bread   Crumbs    8  parts 

Sifted    Beef    Scrap 2  parts 

Bone  Meal    i   part 

Subsequent   Feeding — The    following   mash 
moistened  with  skimmed  milk  should  be  substi- 
tuted gradually  for  the  bread,  rolled  oats,  and  ^^H     ,  ^jj^ 
beef  scrap:  ^^BiKL^Pift^^^^'l^ 

By  Weight 

Wheat  Bran   3  parts 

Corn  Meal   3  parts 

Wheat  Middlings   3  parts 

Sifted    Beef    Scrap 3   parts 

Bone  Meal    i   part 


48 


FEEDING       FARM      ANIMALS 


The  moist  mash  should  be  fed  two  or  three  times  a  day.  Cracked  grain 
should  be  given  at  least  twice  a  day,  scattered  in  light  litter  as  soon  as  the  chicles 
are  able  to  find  it.  Mash  in  dry  condition  should  be  kept  in  a  shallow  tray 
before  the  chicks.  Grit,  charcoal,  and  fine  cracked  bone  should  be  fed  in  separate 
trays  or  hoppers.  When  four  weeks  old  the  chicks  should  be  receiving  two  meals 
of  the  mash  and  three  of  the  grain. 

Beef  scrap  should  always  be  carefully  inspected  before  it  is  fed,  in  order  to 
make  sure  that  it  is  free  from  taint  and  from  mustiness.  Sifted  beef  scrap 
sometimes  becomes  musty  in  storage  unless  it  is  kept  in  a  very  dry  place.  In  any 
case,  beef  scrap  should  never  be  supplied  to  chicks  in  sufficiently  large  quantities 
or  under  such  conditions  that  it  may  possibly  become  musty  before  being 
consumed." 

The  danger  with  beef  scrap  is  that  it  is  hard  to  get  it  in  an  undecom- 
posed  condition.  And  if  it  is  clean  and  undecomposed  it  is  too  valuable  to 
feed  to  fowls.  Cotton-seed  meal,  having  a  high  per  cent,  of  protein  and  ash 
can  be  substituted  for  the  beef  to  great  advantage. 


An  open  front  chicken  house.     Chickens,  like  other  farm  live  stock,  do  better  when  protected 
from  the  weather  and  fed  with  the  food  rich  in  protein  and  ash  like  cotton-seed  meal. 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


49 


Importance  of  Protein  and  Ash  in  Poultry  Feeding. 

Circular  37,  Purdue  University  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 
La  Fayette,  Indiana',  thus  speaks  of  the  importance  of  protein  in  a  chicken 
ration: 


"When  quick  growth  is  desired, 
a  ration  made  up  wholly  of  grain 
will  be  found  to  be  deficient.  To 
overcome  this  deficiency,  some 
feed  containing  more  protein  or 
that  which  will  make  flesh, 
feathers,  blood,  etc.,  is  necessary." 


The  following  statements  taken  from  the  West  Virginia  University  Ag- 
ricultural Experiment  Station,  Morgantown,  W.  Va.,  show  how  important  it 
is  to  have  plenty  of  ash  as  well  as  protein  in  a  ration  for  chickens,  and  that  a 
vegetable  protein  is  just  as  valuable  as  animal  protein  for  chickens.  Cot- 
ton-seed meal  has  five  times  as  much  protein  and  ash  as  corn  and  therefore  is 
not  deficient  in  these  important  constituents  as  are  the  grains  and  not  subject 
to  the  objections  raised  against  grains: 

"As  compared  with  the  composition  of  an  egg,  most  of  the  grains  commonly 
employed  as  poultry  foods  are  too  low  in  protein  and  ash. 

"In  feeding  for  egg  production  it  is  necessary  not  only  to  have  the  propor- 
tion of  protein  to  carbohydrates  approximately  correct,  but  it  is  also  essential 
to  have  the  ash  constituents  of  the  ration  suflScient  in  amount.  There  is  nearly 
eight  times  as  much  ash  in  the  dry  substance  of  an  egg  as  there  is  in  corn  or 
wheat,  and  this  deficiency  must  be  made  good  in  some  way. 


50 


FEEDING       FARM      ANIMALS 


"Animal   Versus   Vegetable   Protein. 

"Most  of  the  earlier  experiments  performed  to  study  the  relative  value  of 
protein  from  animal  and  vegetable  sources  seemed  to  show  that  the  protein  of 
animal  origin  is  more  valuable  than  vegetable  protein  for  growth  and  egg  pro- 
duction, but  it  has  been  found  that  the  apparent  superiority  of  animal  protein  is 
due  partly,  if  not  entirely,  to  the  fact  that  it  is  usually  associated  with  a  larger 
percentage  of  ash  in  the  ration.  As  soon  as  the  dift'erence  in  ash  content  is  over- 
come then  protein  from  the  two  sources  seems  to  have  practically  the  same  value. 
Professor  Wheeler,  of  the  Geneva  Station,  in  speaking  of  his  investigation,  says: 
'The  experiments  all  point  in  one  direction :  toward  the  superiority  of  rations 
containing  animal  food  over  those  made  up  of  grain.  In  no  case  has  the  reverse 
of  this  proven  true,  and  in  nearly  all  the  trials  the  difference  has  been  most 
noticeable.  When  the  lack  of  mineral  matter  in  all  grain  ration,  as  compared 
uith  one  containing  animal  meal,  is  supplied  by  bone  ash,  the  difference  disappears 
or  favors  the  grain  ration,  so  far  as  chicks  and  laying  hens  are  concerned.  That 
is,  it  is  the  small  amount  of  ash  in  the  grain  ration  which  makes  this  ration 
inferior  to  one  containing  animal  meal,  rather  than  a  difference  in  the  protein. 
Something  to  supplement  the  ash-poor  grains  they  must  have,  and  it  is  simpler 
to  give  it  in  the  natural  form,  combined  with  valuable  proteins  and  fats,  than 
to  burn  out  the  organic  matter  and  give  the  ash  only.'  " 


White    Indian    Runner    ducks    owned    by    W.    J.    Mitchell,    Denton,    Texas. 
Cotton-seed  meal  forms  a  part  of  the  daily  ration  of  these  ducks. 


Cotton-seed  meal,  containing  as  it  does  five  times  as  much  protein  and 
ash  as  corn  meal,  added  to  a  grain  ration  for  chickens  overcomes  the  defi- 
ciency of  these  feeding  stufTs  in  ash  and  protein,  and,  as  above  quoted,  is  a 
superior  ration  to  the  one  containing  beef  scraps.  Beef  scraps  are  rich  in  pro- 
tein, but  contain  less  ash  than  cotton-seed  meal.  If  the  ash  of  cotton-seed 
meal  is  so  available  as  it  is  in  "Creepy"  cattle,  it  ought  to  be  all  the  more  so 
with  fowls,  for  it  is  a  well  established  fact  that  "The  animal  with  a  giz- 
zard" can  utilize  mineral  matter  in  form  of  mineral  salts  to  a  much  greater 
extent  than  other  animals  can. 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


51 


White  Indian  Runner  ducks  owned  by  W.  J.  Mitchell,  Denton,  Texas. 

Cotton-seed  meal  forms  a   part  of  the  daily  rations 

of  these  ducks. 


"W.  J.  MITCHELL 

Breeder  of 

IF  HIT  E  INDLiN  RUNNER  DUCKS 

Denton,    Texas,  Jan.   2g,    IQIJ. 
Mr.  J.  S.  Abbott. 

Austin,  Texas. 
Dear  Sir: 

Ansivering  your  recent  inquiry  regarding  the  food  ration  I  use  in  feeding 
?ny  white  Indian  Runner  ducks  I  beg  to  say  that  when  my  ducks  are  old  enough 
to  eat  mixed  feed  their  ration,  among  other  things,  is  composed  of  lO^o  cotton- 
seed meal.  Cotton-seed  meal  contains  the  essential  property  of  rneat,  viz.,  protein, 
and  is  very  much  more  economical  than  meat.  Foicls  fattened  by  it  find  a  ready 
market  because  their  meat  is  sweet  and  tender,  and  of  a  very  rich  color.  I  feed 
it  also  to  laying  fowls,  because  it  is  a  great  egg  producer,  and  the  eggs  have  a 
fine  flavor  and  color. 

Very  respectfully  yours, 

W.  J.  Mitchell:' 


"I  have  never  had  any  trouble  getting  enthused 
over  a  proposition  when  I  knew  absolutely  that  I 
lias  right  and  when  I  tell  a  man  that  cotton-seed 
meal  is  the  best  feed  on  earth  I  knoiv  I  am  right. 

Cotton-seed  meal  has  been  fed  to  everything 
from  a  man  to  a  chicken  in  this  vicinity  and  it  has 
scored  every  time.  It  is  growing  more  popular  each 
season. 

JVe  can't  help  hut  feel  that  we  have  done  a 
man  a  favor  w'hen  we  sell  him  meal  and  hulls  and 
lie  like  to  see  them  being  hauled  out  whether  they 
come  from  our  mill  or  not." — R.  S.  Davitte, 
Dublin,  Texas. 


52 


FEEDING      FARM      ANIMALS 


"Regarding  cottonseed  meal  for  foivls  must  say  that  it  beats  anything  I 
have  ever  used.  My  son  had  a  hen  ivhich  hatched  chickens  in  the  blacksmith 
shop  here  at  the  Tnill  on  Thanksgiving  day,  November  28,  iQii;  in  middle  of 
February  they  were  as  large  as  their  mother.  They  are  of  the  Plymouth  Rock 
variety,  which  is  a  large  variety  of  chickens  and  several  of  these  young  chickens 
commenced  to  lay  the  latter  part  of  February.  Out  of  the  11  young  chickens  nine 
are  hens  and  all  are  laying  now. 

"This  is  something  remarkable.  These  chickens  are  fed  half  cotton-seed 
meal  and  half  corn  chops,  mixed  together  and  dampened  so  they  can  pick  it  up 
better.  During  the  day  they  run  about  the  mill  and  in  the  mill  and  help  them- 
selves to  meal  at  the  cake  mill  and  to  the  meal  room,  so  I  cannot  state  how  much 
meal  they  do  eat  during  the  day  outside  of  the  meal  and  corn  chops  fed  them 
morning  and  evening. 

Most  of  our  farmers  feed  meal  to  their  chickens  and  as  the  dairy  business 
is  quite  an  item  here,  nearly  all  farmers  sell  cream  and  raise  chickens.  The 
chickens  feed  in  the  feed  troughs  ivith  the  cows  and  those  are  the  best  layers 
and  best  plumaged  fowls. 

Schulenberg  ships  over  52  straight  cars  of  eggs  annually,  besides  all  the 
express  shipments  on  four  daily  trains  run  up  in  the  thousands  of  cases  annually. 
They  usually  load  goo  to  1200  cases  of  eggs  to  a  car,  so  you  can  see  that  the 
chicken  and  egg  business  is  quite  an  item  here.  Besides,  they  are  shipping  chickens 
to  market  daily.  Chickens  are  sold  by  iceight  and  cotton-seed  meal  fed  uith 
corn  chops  or  other  feed  will  soon  double  the  weight  of  the  chickens  in  a  few 
u'eeks." — G.  A.  Baumgarten  in  "Farm  and  Ranch." 


Iredell,  with  her 


MRS.  JAMERSON'S  TURKEYS. 
The  above  is  a  picture  of  Mrs.  Albert  Jamerson,  Route 

turkeys,  which  she  feeds  regularly  on  cotton-seed  meal. 
Mrs.   Jamerson    advises    us    that    since    she    has    adopted    this    feed    for    her 

turkeys   and   chickens,   they  have  been   much   healthier,   producing  more 

eggs  and  better  disposed  fowls,  than  from  any  feed  she  has  ever  used 

heretofore. 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


53 


"fVe  have  had  experiments  at  this  station  with  the  feeding  of  cotton-seed 
meal  to  chicks.  The  impressions  which  we  have  obtained  from  such  experiments, 
the  results  of  which  are  not  yet  completely  written  up,  are  that  the  protein  in 
cotton-seed  meal  is  practically  as  efficient  as  that  in  meat  meal,  although  cotton- 
seed meal  ivill  not  be  consumed  in  such  large  quantities  by  the  chicks.  When 
the  chicks,  however,  are  limited  to  the  same  amount  of  protein  in  the  two  con- 
centrates mentioned  above,  they  ivill  make  about  as  good  use  of  one  as  of  the 
other.  We  have  never  found  any  evidence  that  cotton-seed  meal  was  toxic  to 
chickens  in  such  amounts  as  they  could  be  induced  to  eat  along  with  low-protein 
accompanying  feeds." — Burt  L.  Hartwell,  Ph.  D.,  Director  and  Chemist, 
Agricultural  Experunent  Station,  Kingston,  R.  I. 

"Dublin,  Texas,  Jan.   ij,  igij. 
To  Whom  This  Concerns: 

For  a  number  of  years  I  have  kept  a  small  flock  of  hens,  usually  about  fifty, 
on  a  small  toivn  lot. 

About  two  years  ago,  I  began  to  experiment  with   cotton-seed  meal  as  a 
poultry  food.     My  experimeni  convinced  me  that  it  is  a  fine  feed  for  chickens. 
During  the  past  year  I  have  kept  a  dry  mash,  thoroughly   mixed,  before 
my  hens  at  all  times.     This  mash  ivas  composed  of : 

2  parts,  by  measure Cotton-Seed  Meal 

2  parts,  by  measure Wheat  Bran 

I  part,    by   measure Corn  Meal 

I  part,    by   measure Choice  Beef  Scraps 

I  part,    by   measure Shipstuff 

I  part,    by   measure Alfalfa  Meal 

This  alone  with  a  little  scratch  feed,  in  litter  night  and  morning,  has 
kept  them  in  perfect  health,  and  the  egg  yield  has  averaged  about  fifty  per  cent, 
of  the  total  number  of  hens. 

I  am  sure  that  the  cotton-seed  meal  has  increased  the  egg  yield  wonderfully 
in  my  flock." — J.  W.  Dunlap,  Supt.  Public  Schools. 

"As  an  egg  producer,  and  to  force  the  growth  of  young  chickens,  cotton- 
seed meal  has  no  equal.  In  less  than  lO  days  after  beginning  to  feed  cotton-seed 
meal  to  my  20  chickens  I  teas  getting  from  g  to  14  eggs  a  day.  I  can  recommend 
cotton-seed  meal  to  anyone  who  appreciates  yard  eggs  and  fine,  fat  chickens." — 
O.  W.  Flynn,  Dublin,  Texas,  February  iS,  IQIJ. 


54 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


...-*•       '♦•▼* 


tU^      ■ 


A  V* 


MiW4f^^  ^ 


Rations  for  Chicken  Feeding. 

Successful  ration  used  by  G.  A.  Baumgarten  in  ''Far^n  and  Ranch": 

By  Weight 

Cottoir-seed  meal i  part 

Corn  chops   i  part 

Moistened  with  water  so  it  could  be  picked  up  well  by  chickens. 

Rations  for  Fowls. 

The  chick  should  not  be  fed  during  the  first  36  to  48  hours  after  it  is 
hatched. 

From  the  second  to  fifth  day,  the  following  mixture  may  be  used,  since 
cotton-seed  meal  is  just  as  valuable  as  beef  scrap: 

By  Weight 

Rolled  oats   8  parts 

Corn-bread  crumbs 8  parts 

Cotton-seed  meal 2  parts 

Bone  meal   i  part 

This  mash  should  be  fed  dry  or  only  slightly  moistened,  preferably  with 
skim  milk.  If  rolled  oats  are  not  available  the  following  mash  ration  may 
be  used : 

By  Weight 

Corn-bread  crumbs  8  parts 

Hard-boiled  eggs 4  parts 

Cotton-seed  meal 2  parts 

Bone  meal   i  part 

From  the  fifth  day  on  the  following  mash  may  be  fed : 

By  Weight 

Wheat  bran 3  parts 

Corn  meal   3  parts 

Wheat  middlings    3  parts 

Cotton-seed  meal 3  parts 

Bone  meal   i  part 

This  mash  slightly  moistened,  preferably  with  skim  milk,  should  be  fed 
two  or  three  times  a  dav. 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS  55 

Where  wheat  middlings  are  not  available  the  following  mash  may  be 
used: 

By  Weight 

Cotton-seed  meal 2  parts 

Corn  meal    2  parts 

Wheat  bran 2  parts 

Bone  meal   i  part 

But  because  cotton-seed  meal  has  twice  as  much  mineral  matter  as  beef 
scraps,  the  bone  meal  need  not  be  used  at  all. 

In  addition  to  the  above  mixtures,  cracked  grain  should  be  fed  to  fowls 
of  all  kinds,  and  should  be  thrown  out  into  the  litter  so  they  will  have  to 
scratch  for  it. 

The  mash  should  be  put  in  a  box  so  it  cannot  be  wasted. 

Fowls  need  green  feed  which  they  can  usually  get  in  abundance. 


w 

^m 

;l^^^|o-, 

^^^^ 

liii 

t^</^h 

mM 

SPRING    LAKE    PLANTATION. 
Where   every  living  thing  eats  cotton-seed   products. 


56 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


Chapter  V. 

The  Hog 


SPRING    LAKE    PLANTATION    BERKSHIKLS. 


58 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


The  Hog 


T 


HE  swine — Sus  Scrofa — can  be  traced  back 
to  the  highest  antiquity.     Its  remains  are 


found  during  the  Pliocene  Age,  and  he  is 
contemporaneous  to  man  at  all  periods.  The 
crude  drawings  found  in  Brittany  and  other 
places  picture  the  swine  with  the  elk,  the  cavern 
bear,  and  the  mammoth.  During  the  Bronze 
Age,  in  Britain  and  in  the  northern  part  of 
France,  the  bones  of  hogs  have  been  found  in  the 
graves  of  man,  representing  the  part  of  the 
provender  for  the  journey  into  the  lower  world, 
thus  showing  that  even  at  this  distant  date  and 
primitive  condition,  the  hog  was  used  as  food 
for  man.  Egyptian,  Aryan,  Chaldean  and 
Jewish  civilization  relate  continually  in  their  law  books  to  the  hog  as  a  com- 
panion to  and  a  means  of  food  for  man.  Jewish  laws,  followed  later  by  the 
Mahomedan  regulations,  speak  of  the  use  and  danger  of  hog  meat,  and  Closes, 
this  wonderful  leader  of  man,  uses  religion  and  the  fear  of  an  unknow^n  deity 
as  a  means  of  impressing  the  rudiments  of  hygiene  upon  his  ignorant 
followers. 

Anatomically  speaking,  the  hog  has  been  intended  by  nature  for  a  semi- 
aquatic  condition.  The  soft  snout,  the  powerful  head,  the  lean  body,  the 
heavy  tusks,  everything  in  its  make-up,  indicates  the  rooting  habit.  In  its 
free  and  natural  condition,  like  most  pachyderm,  its  chief  food  must  have 
been  the  roots  and  tubers  of  the  swampy  regions  of  the  old  and  new  world. 
The  struggle  for  existence,  under  probably  adverse  and  difficult  circum- 
stances, has  made  the  hog  an  eminently  omnivorous  animal.  Our  domesti- 
cated hogs  have  inherited  the  tendency  to  select  their  food  from  a  variety 
of  substances.  Again,  amongst  natural  conditions,  the  hunt  for  food  with  its 
enforced  activity,  did  not  allow  any  undue  accumulation  of  fat,  and  the  hog 
in  its  free  state,  or  semi-domesticated  condition,  became  the  lean  razor-back 
or  the  peccary  of  our  Southwestern  plains.  First,  a  game  animal,  dweller  of 
the  forest,  an  easy  victim  to  the  crude  weapons  of  man,  the  hog  seems  to  have 
played  an  important  role  in  his  early  economy. 

For  a  long  period,  man  derived  the  necessary  fats  for  his  daily  use  from 
the  fruit  of  his  hunt  or  from  his  domesticated  animals.  Bear,  deer  and  other 
game,  in  his  pre-civilized  condition,  sheep  and  oxen,  in  his  nomadic  condition, 
supply  these  necessities  of  life.  From  a  hunter,  man  becomes  a  herder,  and 
from  a  herder  a  tiller  of  the  soil;  he  becomes  sedentary,  tied  to  this  soil  that 
furnishes  him  his  living  and  surrounds  himself  with  domesticated  animals — 
dogs,  cattle,  sheep  and  amongst  them,  the  sw^ne. 

Easily  tamed,  easily  fed,  fecund  even  in  confinement,  the  hog  has  been 
domesticated  by  man  from  the  earliest  time;  omnivorous,  easily  kept,  gentle 
to  a  certain  extent,  feeding  on  any  kind  of  refuse,  the  hog  prospers  in  the 
midst  of  dirt  and  neglect.  His  name  becomes  synonymous  with  anything 
vile  and  filthy. 

Being  a  non-perspiring  animal  from  hereditary  necessity,  he  seeks  dur- 
ing the  hot  summer  months  to  cool  his  body  in  water,  and  wallows  in  this 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


59 


mud  that  surrounds  the  habitation  of  man — as  clean,  or  as  dirty,  as  man 
himself. 

With  increased  civilization,  the  settlement  builds  itself  to  villages,  the 
villages  to  towns,  the  towns  to  cities,  the  demand  for  easily  obtained  food  in- 
creases a  hundred  fold,  and  man,  through  breeding,  modifies  the  original 
type  of  his  modest  and  calumnied  follower. 

There  is  a  wide  step  between  the  lean  wild  boar  of  the  Northern 
forest  and  the  fat,  abnormal,  five  hundred  pound  Berkshire  or  Poland  China. 

Man's  selection  interferes  w^ith  nature's  selection  and  while  still  one  of 
the  hardiest  farm  animals,  the  high  bred  hog  of  today  has  lost  part  of  its 
original  vitality. 

Still,  if  years  of  domestication  have  modified  the  external  appearance  of 
the  hog,  his  anatomical  and  physiological  traits  have  been  but  little  altered. 

The  study  of  his  anatomy,  and  the  conformation  of  his  stomach,  liver 
and  bowels,  added  to  what  we  know  from  the  history  of  the  hog,  shows  that 
nature  intended  for  him  to  feed  upon  roots,  tubers,  water  grasses,  etc.,  ob- 
taining per  necessity,  a  large  percentage  of  inert  matter  in  the  natural  gath- 
ering of  his  food. 

The  hog  is  still  the  most  economical  producer  of  flesh  or  fat  of  all  our 
farm  animals. 

He  can  utilize  a  wider  variety  of  cheap  food  than  any  other  domestic 
animal  and  still  man  seems  to  have  entirely  forgotten  to  take  into  considera- 
tion these  conditions  which  are  natural  to  the  hog. 

Again,  the  hog,  made  by  nature  a  brother  of  the  hippopotamus,  needs 
water,  plenty  of  it,  both  for  drinking  and  bathing  purposes.  As  said  before, 
anatomically  speaking,  he  cannot  perspire  and  must  find  in  water  the  neces- 
sary moisture  to  lower  the  temperature  of  his  body.  The  same  condition 
made  him,  in  his  natural  state,  hunt  the  water  of  the  lakes  and  rivers,  and  the 
shade  of  the  primeval  forest. 

Much  could  be  learned  and  many  mistakes  spared,  if  the  modern  feeder 
could  understand  for  what  purpose  this  animal  has  been  physiologically  and 
anatomically  intended. 

Is  it  a  w^onder  that  with  an  unnatural  food,  unnaturally  given  in  tre- 
mendous quantity,  unnaturally  bred  for  human  purposes,  in  contradiction 
with  nature's  laws,  the  hogs  of  some  of  our  experimental  stations,  within 
their  six  square  feet  pens,  without  any  protection  from  the  glaring  sun, 
without  anv  water,  outside  of  w^hat  is  strictly  necessary  for  drinking  purposes, 
should  sufifer  and  often  die  without  any  plausible  explanation? 


Registered  Hampshire  Hogs  at  Spring 
Lake   Plantation,   Louisiana. 

"They  eat  no  corn ;  cotton-seed  meal 
and  hulls  and  Bermuda  grass  make 
an  ideal  hog  ration,  and  will  make 
the  South  the  great  hog-producing 
country   of   the   world. 

Jo    W.    Allison." 


60 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


Hog   Rations. 

The  Westbrook  Method. 

T.  C.  Westbrook,  Waco,  Texas,  who  is  a  breeder  of  Duroc-Jersey  hogs, 
feeds  growing  hogs  equal  parts  of  corn  and  cotton-seed  meal,  but  separately. 
The  cotton-seed  meal  is  made  into  a  thin  slop,  and  fed  fresh  or  fermented. 
The  amount  fed  varies  from  one-half  to  two  pounds  of  cotton-seed  meal,  and 
an  equal  amount  of  corn  per  lOO  pounds  of  hog  weight,  depending  upon  the 
grazing  and  upon  whether  the  hog  is  growing  or  fattening. 

The  amount  of  digestible  nutrients  in  lOO  pounds  of  this  ration  is  as 
follows: 

Hog  Ration. 

Digestible 
Feeds  Protein  Carbohydrates  Fat 

I oo  lb  corn 7.1  tb  62.6  tb  2.31b 

100  lb  cotton-seed  meal 37.0  tb  17.0  lb  12.0  tb 

Total  in  200  lb  mixture 44.1  tb  79.6  lb  14.3  tb 

The  ratio  of  the  protein  to  the  other  food  constituents  is  too  great  unless 
the  hogs  have  plenty  of  grazing  as  they  have  on  the  Westbrook  farm. 

Rice  polish  may  be  substituted  for  corn  when  the  scarcity  or  cost  of  corn 
makes  it  profitable  to  do  so,  and  then  the  following  ration  is  made  by  Mr. 
Westbrook: 

Hog  Ration. 

Digestible  Nutrients 
Feeds  Protein  Carbohydrates  Fat 

fo  %  % 

100  tb  cotton-seed  meal 37.0  17.0  12.0 

I(X)  tb  rice  polish 7.3  64.4  4.3 

On  the  Westbrook  farms,  the  hogs  eat  much  or  little  of  the  above  ration, 
according  to  whether  they  are  young  or  in  the  fattening  pens,  and  according 
to  the  amount  of  grass  and  other  feeds  available. 


A    DUROC-JERSEY    HOG. 

According  to  Farmers' 
Bulletin  No.  411,  U.  S.  De- 
partment of  Agriculture,  the 
Duroc-Jersey  is  exceedingly 
well  adapted  to  the  South. 
It  is  a  prolific  breed,  good 
milkers  and  mothers,  the 
best  grazers  and  strong  and 
active. 

Mr.  Westbrook  feeds  his 
hogs  a  mixture  of  cotton- 
seed meal  and  corn,  or  a 
mixture  of  cotton-seed  meal 
and  rice  polish  in  addition 
to  the  grazing  that  they 
have.  They  are  furnished 
an  abundance  of  shade  and 
water,  hence  he  does  not 
have  any  losses. 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


61 


If  grazing  is  poor,  or  lacking  entirely,  the  following  ration  should  be 
adopted: 

By  weight 

Corn,  cotton-seed  hulls,  rice  polish,  wheat  bran,  or  shorts 2  parts 

Cotton-seed  meal /  part 


The  Allison  Method  of  Feeding  Cotton-Seed  Meal  to  Hogs. 

Make  a  mixture  by  weight,  about  one-third  cotton-seed  meal,  one-third 
cotton-seed  hulls  and  one-third  rice  bran,  corn  chops,  whole  corn,  wheat  bran 
or  shorts,  whichever  is  most  available.  Mix  with  water  to  a  thick  mush  in 
two  vessels  (an  old  barrel  sawed  in  two  is  good)  and  leave  to  sour  or  fer- 
ment, which  will  take  from  12  to  48  hours,  according  to  weather  and  other 
conditions;  then  feed  from  these  alternately,  using  the  contents  of  one,  while 
that  of  the  other  is  left  to  sour. 

A  good  growing  ration  may  be  based  on  one  pound  of  dry  mixture  per 
hundred  pound  of  live  weight.  For  quick  fattening  this  may  be  doubled, 
quadrupled  or  even  more  largely  increased.  Indeed,  the  Texas  Experiment 
Station  fed  as  much  as  seven  pounds  of  cotton-seed  meal  per  day  to  hundred 
and  fifty  pound  hogs,  though  this  is  extreme  and  uneconomical,  if  not  posi- 
tively dangerous. 

When  ready  to  feed,  add  fresh  water  to  the  feeding  ration  sufficient  to 
bring  to  a  thin  slop,  about  the  consistency  of  buttermilk  and  give  the  hogs 
all  they  will  clean  up. 

All  hogs  eat  it  greedily  and  all  thrive  on  it  from  the  lordly  head  of  the 


62 


FEEDING   FARM   ANIMALS 


herd  to  the  tiniest  grunter.  But  for  "piggy"  or  suckling  sows  it  is  especially 
valuable,  giving  to  the  pigs  both  before  and  after  farrowing  a  growth  and 
vigor  attainable  with  no  other  feed  on  earth. 

In  an  experience  of  over  thirty-five  years  I  have  never  seen  a  hog  refuse 
to  eat  it,  or  injured  by  it.  Indeed,  it  is  not  only  the  best  and  cheapest  feed  on 
earth,  but  is  an  efficient  prophylactic,  and  hogs  fed  on  it  seem  entirely  im- 
mune to  any  of  the  common  ills  that  hogs  are  heir  to. 

As  to  the  feeding  value  of  cotton-seed  meal  compared  with  corn,  chem- 
ical analvsis,  confirmed  by  years  of  practical  tests,  answers  this.  A  hundred 
pounds  of  corn  contains  from  six  to  ten  pounds  of  protein,  four  to  six  pounds 
of  fat  and  about  sixty-five  to  seventy  pounds  of  carbohydrates. 

A  hundred  pounds  of  cotton-seed  meal  contains  from  forty-five  to  fifty 
pounds  of  protein,  from  eight  to  twelve  pounds  of  fat  and  about  twenty-five 
pounds  of  carbohydrates. 


Daily  Ration  for  Fattening  Hogs. 
Amount  for  loo  lbs.  Live  Weight. 


Ration  No.  i : 

I  lb.  Corn,  rice  polish,  or  wheat  bran. 
I  lb.  Cotton-seed  meal. 
I  lb.  Cotton-seed     hulls,     alfalfa     meal, 
cow-pea  meal,  or  wheat  shorts. 


Ration  No.  2: 

2  lbs.  Corn,  rice  polish,  or  wheat  bran. 
34  lb.     Cotton-seed  meal. 

2  lbs.  Alfalfa  meal  or  cow-pea  meal. 


Daily  Ration  for  Growing  Pigs. 
Amount  for  100  lbs.  Live  Weight. 


Ration  No.  i: 

Ration  No.  4: 

lYz  lbs.  Wheat  shorts, 

rice 

polish,  corn 

2i/^  lbs.  Corn. 

meal,  or  wheat 

bran. 

2y2  lbs.  Cow-pea  meal. 

I  lb.     Cotton-seed  meal. 

Ration  No.  5: 

8  lbs.  Skim  milk. 

zVi  lbs.  Corn. 

Ration  No.  2: 

Yi  lb.     Wheat  bran. 

3  lbs.  Corn. 

Yz  lb.     Tankage. 

I  lb.     Wheat  shorts. 

Ration  No.  6: 

8  lbs.  Skim  milk. 

4  lbs.  Corn. 

Ration  No.  3: 

16  lbs.  Skim  milk. 

3  lbs.  Rice  Polish. 

Ration  No.  7: 

I  lb.     Wheat  shorts. 

1Y2  lbs.  Corn. 

6  lbs.  Skim  milk. 

2Y2  lbs.  Shorts, 

I  lb.     Alfalfa  hay. 

THE  POLAND  CHIN.\  HOG. 


THE  BERKSHIRE   HOG. 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


63 


Successful  ration  used  by  Jo  W.  Allison,  Dallas,  Texas: 

By  weight 

Cotton-seed  meal    i  part 

Corn  or  corn  chops 2  parts 

Successful  ration  used  by  J.  N.  Millner,  Streetman,  Texas: 

Cotton-seed  meal  i  gallon 

Wheat  bran   5  gallons 

Salt    I  handful 

Put   into   a  barrel   and   enough  water 
added  to  make  a  thin  slop. 

A  little  corn  was   fed   dry,  and  hogs 
allowed  to  run  on  pasture. 

"Now  it  is  easy  to  see  from  the  figures  already  given  that  corn  is  seriously 
deficient  in  protein,  is  not  properly  balanced  and  is  an  expensive  and  insufficient 
ration  uhen  fed  alone;  that  cotton-seed  meal  in  protein  and  fat  combined  is  about 
five  times,  and  in, protein  alone  is  about  six  times  as  valuable  as  corn,  and  while 
too  rich  in  protein  tor  be  fed  by  itself,  ivhen  combined  with  corn  in  the  proportion 
of  about  two  parts  corn  and  one  part  cotton-seed  meal,  gives  a  ration  ivhich  with 
ordinary  grazing  almost  exactly  fulfills  the  scientific  requirements  for  a  balanced 
hog  feed,  and  of  ivhich  the  committee  appointed  by  the  Texas  Sicine  Breeders' 
Association  to  report  upon  the  feeding  of  cotton-seed  meal,  after  a  thorough  in- 
vestigation, say  in  their  formal  report.  'IS  THE  lilOST  ECONOMICAL 
RATION  OF  WHICH  WE  HAVE  ANY  RECORD:  When  it  is  remem- 
bered that  this  is  the  solemn  and  deliberate  verdict  of  a  committee  of  expert  and 
scientific  suine  breeders  and  feeders  these  words  ring  with  importance  to  the 
ivhole  South.  For  they  mean  that  in  cotton-seed  meal,  supplemented  by  her 
unquestionable  climatic  advantages  and  cheaper  lands,  the  South  can  produce 
cheaper  pork  than  the  great  corn  belt  of  the  Northwest,  and  this  can  but  mean 
the  ultimate  transfer  of  the  hog-producing  center  of  the  country  from  the  North- 
iccst  to  the  South,  and  an  added  uealth  and  prosperity  to  our  ivhole  country/' — 

Jo  W.  Allison,  Dallas,   Texas. 


64  FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 

Streetman,   Texas,  Dec.    lOth. 
"Editor  Cotton  and  Cotton  Oil  News, 

I  am  a  breeder  of  the  Duroc-Jersey  hog,  and  have  been  so  engaged  for  twelve 
years,  having  on  hand  at  all  times  from  thirty-five  to  seventy-five  head — a  feiu 
years  as  many  as  J 00  head. 

I  sold  one  hog  in  October  this  year,  weight  595  pounds,  that  brought  me 
$47.60,  and  he  ate  many  pounds  of  cotton-seed  ?neal.  Last  year  I  bought  thirty-two 
half-breed  Duroc  shoats,  sorry,  long-haired,  poor,  slap-sided,  sharp-nosed  swine.  I 
bought  one  thousand  pounds  of  cotton-seed  meal,  one  thousand  pounds  of  iiheat 
bran;  I  had  corn.  Those  sorry  shoats  weighed  from  25  to  50  pounds.  I  began  to 
feed  them  in  long  troughs.  I  put  in  a  barrel  one  gallon  of  cottonseed  meal  to 
two  ten-quart  buckets  of  bran;  put  in  enough  u-ater  to  make  a  ?noderately  thin 
slop — just  thick  enough  to  pour  out  of  a  bucket  easily.  To  each  barrel  of  this 
meal  and  bran  slop  I  put  a  handful  of  salt  (once  a  day),  and  fed  some  corn  dry. 
I  ivatched  the  shoats  every  day,  gave  them  the  run  of  green  pasture,  oats  and 
rye.  When  that  was  eaten  up  I  fed  green  sorghum,  increased  the  cotton-seed 
meal  until  the  shoats'  bowels  were  lax,  then  reduced  the  ration  till  actions  became 
firm,  then  again  gradually  increased  quantity  of  meal  and  bran  until  I  was  feeding 
one-third  by  vieasure  of  meal  to  tivo-thirds  bran.  They  fattened  and  brought 
me  big  money  because  they  were  fed  on  cotton-seed  meal,  corn  and  bran. 

Yours  truly, 

J.  N.  Milner." 

"P.  S. — /  ivill  add  that  I  feed  cotton-seed  meal  icith  bran  to  suckling  sows 
and  to  little  pias.     I  think  there  is  nothing  better  for  them. 

J.   N.   M." 

"As  ivill  be  seen  later,  cotton-seed  meal  has  at  least  one  valuable  and  safe 
place  in  our  pork-making  operations — a  place  where  it  can  be  fed  in  large  amounts. 
It  can,  and  should,  be  used  along  ivith  corn  in  a  short  dry-lot  finishing  period  after 
the  pasture  and  grazing  crops  are  exhausted.  Corn  is  excellent  for  finishing  up 
an  animal  ivhen  he  is  taken  off  of  green  crops,  but  corn  ivith  cotton-seed  meal  is 
still  better,  because,  first,  the  gains  are  made  more  economically  when  the  two 
feeds  are  used  together;  and,  second,  the  meat  and  the  lard  of  the  animal  are 
hardened  more  rapidly  than  when  corn  is  used  alone." — Farmers'  Bui.  411,  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture,  igiO.     Feeding  Hogs  in  the  South. 

"Rough  red  rice  in  a  mixed  ration  of  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls  gave  better 
daily  gains  than  a  straight  meal  and  hull  ration,  but  not  cheaper. 

It  is  apparent  that  none  of  the  feeds  used,  at  the  price  paid,  can  economically 
take  the  place  of  cotton^seed  meal  and  hulls  for  fattening  steers. 

Cold  pressed  cotton-seed  cake  and  Johnson  grass  hay  gave  higher  daily  gains 
than  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls,  but  at  a  ?nuch  greater  cost. 

Ground  rough  red  rice  fed  with  cotton-seed  meal  is  an  economical  ration  for 
fattening  hogs. 

At  no  time  during  the  experiment  were  there  any  injurious  effects  from  the 
feeding  of  cotton-seed  meal." — Bui.  135,  Texas  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 
Ft.  Worth,  Texas.    Feeding  Experiments  ivith  Steers  and  Hogs. 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


65 


Rations  for  Fattening  Swine 

"Dublin,  Texas.  Feb.  IJ,  IQIJ. 
Mr.  Devite, 

Dublin,  Texas. 
Dear  Sir: 

I  have  given  cotton-seed  meal  a  thorough  test  and  find  the  results  good. 
I  have  been  feeding  it  to  hogs  for  three  years.  I  fed  450  head — five  cars — of 
hogs  in  Oklahoma,  and  I  topped  the  Ft.  Worth  market  with  tii'o  cars  out  of 
the  five.  I  fed  cotton-seed  meal  every  day,  commencing  ivith  ]A,  pound  per 
day  a  head  and  increasing  until  I  had  them  on  21/2  pounds  a  day.  I  let  the 
meal  ferment  from  12  to  24  hours  according  to  the  weather.  I  siuilled  them 
twice  a  day  and  gave  them  some  corn.  My  neighbor  fed  corn  straight;  my 
hogs  gained  faster  and  finished  out  better  and  were  fattened  forty  per  cent, 
cheaper  than  his  were.     I  lay  my  success  to  cotton-seed  meal. 

Since  then,  I  have  gone  to  raising  hogs  on  my  farm  near  Dublin.  I  have 
some  of  the  highest  bred  hogs — Duroc — in  the  United  States.  I  feed  them 
cotton-seed  meal  twice  a  day  and  let  them  graze  on  oats  or  barley,  also  sorghum, 
and  they  do  fine.  I  feed  to  all  ages  and  don't  have  any  bad  results.  I  think  it 
is  the  best  feed  for  growing  and  fattening  hogs  in  this  country.  There  is  no 
better  feed  for  suckling  sows.  Cotton-seed  meal  mixed  with  wheat  bran  is  the 
best  feed  for  pigs  I  have  ever  tried.  Last  year,  ivhen  feed  was  high,  I  fattened 
my  hogs  on  seventy-five  per  cent,  cotton-seed  meal  and  twenty-five  per  cent,  bran; 
the  meat  was  sweeter  and  better  than  meat  fattened  on  corn  straight,  and  fifty 
per  cent,  cheaper.  When  people  learn  not  to  fear  to  feed  cotton-seed  meal,  this 
country  zcill  be  a  pork  selling  country,  instead  of  being  a  pork  buying  country. 
What  I  have  done  and  am  doing,  others  can  do  and  will  do. 

Respectfully. 

W.  F.  Warren. 

P.S. — /  am  sending  you  a  photograph  of  sixteen  hogs  iveighing  200  lbs.,  7^ 
months  old,  raised  on  cotton-seed  meal. 


66 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


Corn  alone,  at  prices  approximating  those  that  noiv  prevail,  is  not  a  profitable 
ration  to  use  in  pork  production. 

Feeds  richer  in  PROTEIN  and  MINERAL  CONSTITUENTS  should 
be  supplied  to  supplement  corn  in  a  way  to  provide  for  the  grouth  of  muscle  and 
bone  as  urll  as  for  the  production  of  fat." — Bui.  2og,  Ohio  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station,  IVooster,  Ohio. 

"Practical  experience  has  been  supplemented  by  carefully  conducted  experi- 
ments, both  in  the  United  States  and  Europe,  with  cotton-seed,  cotton-seed  hulls, 
and  cotton-seed  meal  as  food  for  cattle,  sheep,  pigs,  horses,  and  mules,  ivith  the 
result  of  demonstrating  their  high  feeding  value  for  all  kinds  of  farm  stock,  with 
the  possible  exception  of  calves  and  pigs. 

The  high  feeding  value  of  ivhole  cotton-seed  has  long  been  recognized,  having 
been  fed  raw,  roasted,  steamed,  or  boiled  to  live  stock,  especially  to  cattle.  Almost 
from  the  beginning  of  cotton  culture  in  this  country  it  has  been  used  to  some 
extent  as  a  feeding  stuff,  but  since  the  introduction  of  the  cotton-oil  industry  the 
superior  feeding  quality  of  the  by-product — cotton-seed  meal — has  led  to  a  very 
general  displacement  of  ichole  seed  by  the  meal  in  localities  nhere  the  latter  is 
easily  and  cheaply  obtained." — Farmers'  Bui.  No.  36,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, 1S96.     Cottonseed  and  Its  Products. 


A  GOOD  TYPE  OF  THE  TAMWORTH  BOAR. 

This  is  the  ideal  bacon  type  of  hog.  It  is  bred  on  a  large  scale  by  Ed.  C. 
Lasater,  Falfurrias,  Texas,  and  according  to  his  opinion  is  the  proper 
type  of  hog  for  a  hot  climate,  as  it  produces  a  fine  quality'  of  bacon 
and  very  little  fat.  Cotton-Seed  oil  is  taking  the  place  of  hog  lard, 
making  it  unnecessary  to  raise  the  fat  producing  types  of  hogs, 
especially  in  hot  climates  where  it  is  difficult  to  raise  them  on 
account  of  the  heat. 

Mr.  Lasater  has  plenty  of  buttermilk  and  ensilage  which  makes  a  good 
feeding  ration  for  his  young  hogs.  When  he  gets  ready  to  fatten 
them  he  adds  to  this  ration  one  pound  of  cotton-seed  meal  for  each 
hog  per  day. 

"Dublin.   Texas,  Feb.   7,   IQ13. 
Dublin  Oil  Mills. 

Dublin,  Texas. 
Gentlemen  : 

I  have  fed  cotton-seed  meal  to  my  hogs  and  find  it  to  be  a  great  feed  for 
them.  I  find  that  they  groiu  faster,  and  fatten  more  quickly,  and  at  a  much  less 
cost,  than  uhere  they  are  fed  entirely  on  corn  or  chops.  It  is  also  an  excellent 
feed  for  horses  and  mules,  giving  them  neiv  life,  and  keeping  them  in  a  thrifty 
hearty  condition  generally. 

Yours  truly, 

G.  Howell." 


FEEDING   FARM   ANIMALS  67 

"Giddings,  Texas.  2/27/ 13. 
Mr.  C.  M.  Merchant,  Mgr., 

Lee  County  Cotton  Oil  Co., 
City. 
Dear  Sir: 

Referring  to  our  conversation  relative  to  feeding  hogs  on  cotton-seed  meal, 
beloiv  I  give  you  some  figures  which  I  have  kept  for  your  information,  as  follows: 
I  bought  5  sous  at  $Q.OO  each,  $45.00;  these  sows  brought  JO  pigs,  and  I 
fed  them  as  folloics: 

For  go  days  the  JO  pigs  and  5  soivs  icere  fed — 
720  lbs.  Cottonseed  meal, 
720    "    Rice  Polish, 
an  average  per  day  of  S  lbs.  meal  and  8  lbs.  rice  polish. 

For  JO  days  the  JO  pigs  and  J  sows  ate — 

600  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal, 
600    "    Rice  Polish, 
an  average  of  20  lbs.  per  day. 

The  cost  of  feed  for  120  days  was  as  below : 

IJ20  Tb  Cotton-seed  meal  at  $27  per  ton $l8.op 

IJ20  tb  Rice  polish  at  $27  per  ton iS.OQ 

Total  cost  of  feed $36.18 

At  the  age  of  4  months  these  pigs  were  sold,  also  the  soivs,  at  the  following 
prices  : 

50  pigs   average     72  tb  each  @  $6.50  per  cwt $140.40 

5  sows,  average  2j0  tb  each  @  $7.73  per  cwt 96.83 

Total $241.25 

Cost    of   sows $45-00 

Cost  of  feed 36.18 

$81.18         81.18 

Difference $160.07 

The  difference  of  $160.07  is  left  for  interest  on  my  investment  and  my  labor 
for  4  months. 

The  sows  had  no  range  nor  the  pigs  either,  and  not  even  slop  from  the 
kitchen.      The  feed  as  I  use  it  is  made  into  a  swill  and  stands  for  24  hours,  using 
the  meal  and  rice  in  equal  parts  icith  5  times  as  much  water  added. 
Trusting  these  figures  ivill  be  of  interest  to  you,  I  am 

Yours  truly, 

W.  T.  Heck." 

"Waco,  Texas,  Feb.  17,  IQIJ. 
Mr.  J.  S.  Abbott, 

Austin,  Texas, 
Dear  Sir: 

I  feed  my  hogs  from  ]/^  to  i  lb.  of  meal  per  day  with  other  feed.  Horses 
and  mules  from  two  to  three  pounds  per  day  with  some  grain  and  plenty  of  hay. 
I  find  my  mules  do  much  better  ivork  and  their  general  health  greatly  improves. 
It  will  check  cough  caused  from  musty  feed.  I  always  soak  my  corn  that  is  fed 
in  connection  with  cotton-seed  meal  and  sprinkle  the  meal  over  corn. 
With  best  wishes. 

Yours  truly, 

T.  C.  Westbrook." 


68 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


Berkshire   hogs,    property   of  Jo   W.    Allison,    Spring   Lake    Plantation,    La. 
Fed   cotton-seed   meal   and   hulls   continuouslv. 


A  nice  bunch  of  Duioc-Jericy  hogs  owned  by  T.  C.  Westbrook,  Waco, 
Texas.  These  hogs  are  fattened  upon  equal  parts  of  cotton-seed 
meal  and  corn,  or  cotton-seed  meal  and  rice  polish.  While  they  are 
young  and  in  a  growing  condition  they  graze  on  the  river  bank,  the 
ditch  banks  and  roadways  that  are  fenced  off  for  this  purpose  from 
the  farms. 


The  Brazos  River,  the  eastern  boundary  of  a  2,000-acre  farm  owned  by 
T.  C.  Westbrook,  Waco,  Texas.  Mr.  Westbrook  feeds  his  Duroc- 
Jersey  hogs  cotton-seed  meal  and  corn,  or  cotton-seed  meal  and  rice 
polish.  These  hogs  are  permitted  to  graze  along  the  banks  of  this 
river  where  they  get  plenty  of  water.  A  hog  does  not  sweat  (per- 
spire), hence,  if  he  does  not  have  plenty  of  water  to  wallow  in  in  the 
summer  time  he  will  probably  die  of  heat  and  bis  death  may  be 
erroneouslv  attributed  to  his  feeding  ration. 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


69 


A  pen  of  cattle  being  fattened  upon  a  ration  of  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls.     In  the  picture  vvi 
be  seen  many  hogs  fattening  upon  the  -waste  from  the  cow  troughs. 


THE    LARGE    YORKSHIRE    HOG. 

The  Yorkshire  is  an  early  maturing 
breed,  rapid  growers,  and  good 
grazers.  Fed  cotton-seed  meal  and 
hulls  since  farrowing.  Property 
of  Jo  W.  Allison,  Spring  Lake 
Plantation,   Claiborne   Parish,  La. 


A  nice  bunch  of  Duroc-Jersey  hogs 
owned  by  T.  C.  Westbrook,  Waco, 
Texas.  These  hogs  are  ifattened 
upon  equal  parts  of  cotton-seed 
meal  and  corn,  or  cotton-seed  meal 
and  rice  polish.  While  they  are 
young  and  in  a  growing  condition 
they  graze  on  the  river  bank,  the 
ditch  banks  and  roadways  that  are 
fenced  off  for  that  purpose  from  the 
farms. 


70 


FEEDING   FARM   ANIMALS 


Chapter  VI. 


Mules,  Horses  and  Oxen 


Saddle  bred  stallion  Gordon  Chief,  by  Montgomery  Chief, 
4  years  old.  Has  been  fed  almost  exclusively  on  cotton- 
seed meal  and  hulls  since  foaling.  Property  of  Mr.  Jo 
W.  Allison,  Spring  Lake  Plantation,  Claiborne  Parish, 
Louisiana. 


72 


FEEDING    FARM   ANIMALS 


"John  J'.  Blake, 
Physician-surgeon. 

Fhresville,  Texas.  Feb.  20,  1913. 
Dr.  J.  S.  Abbott, 

Austin,  Texas. 
Dear  Dr. : 

In  reply  to  yours  of  the  17th  inst.  will  say  that  I  have  had  a  little  experience 
in  feeding  cotton-seed  meal  to  horses.  I  do  so  but  am  afraid  that  my  experience 
liill  not  be  of  much  benefit  to  you.  I  have  found  that  it  is  best  fed  to  stock 
of  any  kind  with  other  feed,  and  horses  do  extremely  well  on  it  if  they  are  not 
given  too  big  a  ration  at  one  time — it  is  always  best  to  begin  with  a  very  small 
quantity  and  increase  the  amount  until  the  proper  amount  is  reached  for  each 
feeding,  and  twice  each  day  is  as  often  as  I  have  ever  fed  mine.  A  horse  that 
will  eat  the  meal  is  almost  sure  to  stay  in  a  fine  condition — the  only  trouble  I 
have  is  preventing  them  from  getting  entirely  too  fat — the  meal  also  keeps  the 
hair  fine  and  sleek  and  I  have  never  seen  any  untoivard  symptoms  from  the  use 
of  the  meal  in  my  oicn  stock  and  I  have  been  feeding  it  for  quite  a  number  of 
years,  not  only  to  my  horses  but  coics  and  hogs.  I  began  feeding  it  to  hogs  in 
the  fall  of  1894  and  I  never  saw  a  prettier  bunch  of  hogs  anywhere  nor  any  that 
fattened  as  quickly  as  these  did.  I  never  feed  it  to  hogs  alone  but  mix  it  ivith 
corn  chops  ground  very  coarse  and  have  the  mixture  thoroughly  well  moistened 
before  alloiving  the  hogs  to  begin  eating,  and  where  one  is  prepared  to  cook  this 
mixture  the  hogs  do  much  better  than  ivhen  fed  in  the  raw  state.  Since  the 
fall  of  1894,  when  I  began  feeding  cotton-seed  meal,  I  have  never  lost  an  animal 
nor  had  one  made  sick  from  eating  it.  I  never  hesitate  to  feed  it  when  I  want 
to  fatten  an  animal  be  it  horse,  coiu  or  hog.  I  regret  that  I  had  not  the  time 
to  procure  a  picture  of  my  horses  to  send  you  but  Mr.  Murray  can  tell  you  that 
1  keep  a  team  in  good  condition  and  drive  them  as  much  as  12  miles  an  hour  over 
our  rough  country  roads. 

Kindly  let  me  know  whenever  I  can  be  of  any  assistance  to  you  in  any  way. 

Yours  fraternally, 

John  V.  Blake." 


Standard  bred  mares  and  their  foals.  Fed  exclusively  both  before  and  after 
foaling  on  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls.  Property  of  Jo  W.  Allison, 
Spring  Lake  Plantation,  Claiborne  Parish,  Louisiana. 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


73 


Additional  Testimony. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  South  Carolina  Live  Stock  Association  held  at 
Columbia,  S.  C,  February  8th  and  9th,  an  address  full  of  practical  advice, 
backed  by  scientific  knowledge  was  delivered  by  the  eminent  Dr.  Tait  But- 
ler, of  Raleigh,  N.  C,  on  "Practical  Stock  Feeding  in  the  South."  Dr.  Butler 
is  a  recognized  authority  on  feeds  and  feeding  and  what  he  says  should  have 
a  special  weight  and  influence  throughout  the  entire  South,  and  that  part  of 
his  discussion  touching  the  feeding  of  horses,  mules  and  colts  is  of  special 
importance  to  the  Southern  breeder. 

"Dr.  Butler:  There  is  enough  known  about  feeding  horses  cotton-seed  meal 
for  me  to  state  that  if  you  had  a  horse  that  you  are  feeding  14  pounds  of  corn 
daily,  that  you  could  take  out  four  pounds  of  that  corn  and  put  in  two  pounds 
of  cotton-seed  meal  and  get  better  results.  Not  because  corn  is  not  the  best  feed 
we  have  for  supplying  heat  and  energ>',  but  there  is  another  thing  needed.  When 
that  horse  supplies  you  muscular  energy'  he  is  burning  up  his  muscles  just  as  you 
burn  coal  in  a  furnace  to  supply  energy  to  run  the  machinery  in  your  factories, 
and  he  has  got  to  have  something  to  build  up  those  wasted  muscles,  and  corn 
does  not  contain  it  in  sufficient  quantity.  A  little  cotton-seed  meal  is  better 
than  an  additional  amount  of  corn.  When  you  are  already  feeding  your  horse 
stover  and  ten  pounds  of  corn,  /  would  rather  have  Hvo  pounds  of  cotton-seed 
meal  added  than  four  pounds  of  corn.  I  would  rather  have  two  pounds  of 
cotton-seed  meal  added  than  four  pounds  of  oats.  Corn  is  a  splendid  horse  feed, 
but  we  are  wasting  two  million  dolfars  a  year  in  South  Carolina  feeding  an  all- 
corn  ration." 


A  few  of  Mr.  Westb rook's 
work  teams  going  back 
to  the  cotton  patch 
after  a  dinner  of  cotton- 
seed meal  and  corn. 
Mr.  Westb  rook  feeds 
what    he    produces. 


74  FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 

Choctaw  Cotton  Oil  Company,  "Shaunee,  Oklahoma,  Feb.   lO,  IQIJ- 

Shawnee,  Ok  la. 
Gentlemen  : 

We  take  pleasure  in  adding  our  testimonial  to  the  value  of  cotton-seed 
tneal  and  hulls  as  a  horse  and  mule  feed.  We  handle  lOOO  to  J500  head  of  mules 
each  year  and  as  you  know,  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls  forms  part  of  the  daily 
ration  of  feed  to  our  animals.  We  do  not  believe  there  is  a  more  healthful  food 
known  today  for  horses  and  mules  than  cottonseed  meal.  During  the  time  we 
have  fed  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls  our  barn  has  been  more  free  from  disease 
than  ever  in  the  history  of  our  business  and  our  veterinary  bill  has  been  practically 
eliminated. 

Yours  truly,  ^^f^^  .^  ^^..^^,, 


iiic  auuvc  Cut  Is  a  piiuiuyiaiui  vl  a  cuil  15  iiiunllis  of  age,  IsVz  liaiids  ingiM 
the  property  of  Mr.  F.  M.  Nix,  Route  4,  Hico,  Texas,  which  has  been 
fed  two  pounds  of  Cotton-seed  meal  per  day  since  weaned,  at  the 
very  moderate  cost  of  three  cents  per  day. 
Mr.  Nix  advises  that  he  is  thoroughly  convinced  that  Cotton-seed  meal  is 
by  far  the  best  and  most  economical  feed  on  the  market. 

"James  Island,  South  Car.,  July  30,  ' lO. 
Mr.  Ediv.  A.  Eve,  Mgr.  Sea  Island  Cotton  Oil  Co. 
Dear  Sir: 

I  have  frequently  used  cotton-seed  medl  feeding  my  horses  and  r/iules,  and 
always  with  perfect  satisfaction.  My  attention  was  first  called  to  its  great  value 
for  that  purpose  some  twenty  years  ago  by  Mr.  John  Stoney  Porcher,  then 
living  in  'St.  Johns,'  who  was  pleased  icith  his  experiment  iiith  it  and  highly 
recommended  it.  It  is  too  rich  a  food  to  be  fed  in  a  large  quantity.  My  experi- 
ence icas  that  two  or  three  pounds  u'as  about  ivhat  nas  best.  All  do  not  take 
to  it  at  once  and  have  to  be  gradually  accustomed  to  it  by  mixing  u'ith  some  food 
relish.  I  never  feed  it  alone.  Would  like  to  see  our  farmers  use  it  more  generally 
as  am  confident  a  better  acquaintance  with  it  ivould  cause  a  much  higher  appre- 
ciation of  its  value  and  economy. 

Yours  very  truly, 

(Signed)      U\  G.  Ilinson. 
Leading  Groicer  of  Fancy  Sea  Island  Cotton." 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


75 


A  lew  mules  owned  by  \V.   Y.  Foster,  Hope,  Arkansas,  teeding  upon   a   ration  ot  cotton-seed 
meal  and  hulls  at  a  cost  of  only  66  cents  each  per  week. 

United  Oil  Mills,  Hope,  Ark.  "Hope,  Ark.,  Feb.  26,  1913. 

Gentlemen: 

Referring  to  your  inquiry  as  to  the  experiments  I  have  been  carrying  on 
for  you  and  the  success  I  have  had  ivith  cotton-seed  meal  in  the  last  several  years, 
I  take  great  pleasure  in  stating  that  I  have  never  found  any  one  article  that 
the  farrner  produces  which   is  of  greater  benefit  to   him   than   cotton-seed  meal. 

I  have  reduced  my  feed  bill  33y3%  by  the  use  of  cotton-seed  meal,  by 
mixing  one  quart  or  a  quart  and  a  half  per  day  to  my  ear  corn,  uhich  is  a  very 
simple  and  easy  matter.  During  the  winter  ivhen  my  stock  is  not  working,  I 
find  that  I  can  feed  all  of  them  on  JSc.  per  day  on  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls. 

By  a  test  of  the  fertilizer  I  save  around  my  barn  yard  and  put  on  my  field,  I 
find  that  in  competition  with  commercial  fertilizers  it  is  worth  at  least  $15.00 
per  ton  ivhich  pays  me  handsomely  for  looking  after  it,  and  I  can  see  results  for 
three  years.  I  also  find  that  by  taking  the  money  I  get  for  my  cotton-seed  and 
putting  it  back  into  cotton-seed  meal  and  putting  the  meal  under  my  corn  as  a 
fertilizer,  that  I  can  sometimes  double  my  corn  crop.  By  using  this  meal  under 
my  corn  when  I  plant  and  a  mixture  of  acid  phosphate  and  potash  for  the  second 
application,  I  do  not  believe  that  there  is  any  better  fertilizer  at  the  price. 

When  the  South  realizes  the  gold  mine  they  have  in  cotton-seed  meal  and 
the  many  usages  it  can  be  put  to  on  the  farm,  I  believe  that  the  oil  mills  will 
pay  us  more  for  our  cotton-seed  because  they  can  get  rnore  for  the  meal. 

By  experimenting  with  horses  and  mules  ii'hen  they  are  sickly  and  wormy, 
I  find  that  cotton-seed  meal  nine  times  out  of  ten  ivill  correct  this  trouble.  The 
same  thing  applies  uitli  hogs.  I\Iost  hogs  that  are  not  healthy  are  ivoriny,  and 
by  giving  them  a  rich  slop  of  cotton-seed  meal  for  a  week  or  ten  days  and  then 
folloiv  liith  a  mixture  of  cotton-seed  meal  and  chops,  it  is  nonderful  to  watch  • 
how  rapidly  the  hogs  u'ill  fatten. 

From  my  experience  I  zvould  say  that  cotton-seed  meal  today  is  the  cheapest 
feed  on  the  market. 


Yours  truly 


B.  M.  Jones,  An  Arkar 


76 


FEEDING        FARM      ATTIMALS 


"Hope,  Ark.,  Dec.  JJ.  IQIS- 

United  on  Mills, 

Hope,  Ark. 
Gentlemen:  ,    ,  ,  j         ;  ^^ 

Replying  to  your  inquiry  as  to  ichether  I  ever  fed  horses  and  mules  cotton- 
seed meal  and  hulls,  uill  say  that  last  winter  I  fed  ten  head  of  horses  and  mares, 
on  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls  alone.  They  ate  no  other  feed,  and  I  will  say 
that  it  is  the  cheapest  and  best  feed  that  you  can  give  horses  and  mules.  It  is 
a  good  deal  cheaper  than  corn,  and  the  feed  cost  per  horse  less  than  a  dollar  per 
week.     It  is  also  a  very  healthful  feed."—W.  H.  Briant. 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


77 


"Hope,  Ark.,  Dec.   12,  1913. 
United  Oil  Mills, 

Hope,  Ark. 
Gentlemen: 

Referring  to  conversation  held  by  your  Mr.  Bridetvell  and  myself,  regarding 
the  feeding  of  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls  to  mules,  will  say  that  the  mules  I 
showed  you  have  been  fed  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls  for  four  years.  I  got  to 
feeding  this  in  Texas  w'here  corn  was  scarce  and  very  high,  and  I  found  the 
cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls  have  great  feed  value,  and  are  a  great  deal  cheaper 
than  feeding  corn. 

As  you  could  see  my  mules  stay  fat  and  healthy  and  I  would  recommend 
very  highly  to  any  of  my  farmer  friends,  to  feed  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls  to 
mules,  for  I  know  from  experience  it  is  a  good  feed  for  horses,  mules  and  cattle 
and  you  can  feed  them  for  $1.00  per  iceek  on  meal  and  hulls." 

T.  J.  Walker,  R.  F.  D.  Xo.  6. 


"Let  us  give,  in  a  word,  my  experience,  rather  than  my  vieu's  and  conclu- 
sions, on  the  horse  feed  problem:  Several  years  ago,  zvhen  I  was  a  cotton-seed 
crusher,  on  a  small  scale  (I  am  not  noiu  even  remotely  connected  ivith  that  worthy 
calling)  it  zvas  at  certain  times  better  to  do  anything  with  meal  than  to  sell  if. 
There  came  into  my  family  unexpectedly  two  colts.  Just  like  a  baby  is  never 
wanted  until  it  comes,  and  then  immediately  the  household  goes  crazy  over  it, 
just  so  I  took  on  about  my  colts.  At  that  time  oats  were  about  $36  per  ton,  and 
corn  about  $26.  I  began  feeding  my  mares  on  these  expensive  grains  ground 
with  a  little  cotton-seed  meal  dusted  in.  They  took  to  it  all  right,  and  before 
the  colts  were  six  weeks  old  they  were  nibbling  at  their  mother's  feed.  Since, 
more  colts  have  come.  The  oldest,  now  five  years  old,  and  none  of  them  have 
ever  passed  a  day  in  their  lives  without  eating  some  cotton-seed  meal.  They  have 
never  been  out  of  fix.  The  older  ones  weigh  11 00  pounds  and  are  16  hands  high 
— decidedly  larger  than  dams  or  sire.  They  have  carried  me  fifty  miles  a  day 
without  breathing  deep. 

Here  is  a  clean-cut,  decisive  example  of  cotton-seed  ?neal  as  a  component 
part  of  a  horse's  ration." 

Henry  C.  Hammond,  Augusta,  Ga.,  June  20,  IQOJ. 


78 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


A  Shetland  pony  owned  by  Hy.  Russek  which  has 
always  been  fed  upon  a  ration  of  cotton-seed 
nneal  and  hulls  and  has  always  been  in  the 
best  of  health. 


"Shaiuncej  Ok  la.,  Feb.  lO,  igij- 
Choctaiv  Cotton  Oil  Co., 
Shaicnee,  Oklahoma. 

Gentlemen: 

Replying  to  your  favor  of  this  date,  beg  to  advise  that  ive  have  been  feeding 
cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls  in  connection  with  other  feed  stuffs,  to  our  horses  and 
mules  for  more  than  two  years.  We  are  very  much  pleased  with  results  and 
take  pleasure  in  saying  that  during  the  time  we  have  been  using  meal  as  a  ration, 
we  have  not  had  a  mule  with  the  distemper  nor  one  that  has  been  foundered. 
We  consider  it  a  very  valuable  feed  stuff  for  any  class  of  live  stock.  As  you  are 
aware,  we  handle  1500  to  2500  head  of  ?nules  per  year. 


Yours  truly. 


C.  P.  Jackson." 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


79 


A  work  horse  owned  by  Russek  Bros.,  Schullenburg,  Texas,  which  has  been  fed 
cotton-seed  meal   and  hulls  for  2  vears. 


"Beatrice,  Ala..  Nov.  20,  1Q02. 


Alabama  Cotton  Oil  Co., 
Mobile,  Ala. 


Gentlemen: 

Replying  to  your  favor  of  recent  date  irith  regard  to  results  of  using  cotton- 
seed hulls  and  meal  as  feed  for  cattle  will  say  that  it  has  given  better  satisfaction 
than  any  feed  I  have  ever  used.  Regarding  the  report  that  feeding  hulls  and 
meal  to  cattle  causes  blindness  ivish  to  stfite  that  none  of  mine  have  ever  gone 
blind  and  I  have  used  this  feed  for  past  seven  years.  I  will  add  furthermore  that 
most  of  the  blindness  in  cattle  is  caused  by  the  whip.  I  am  ivorking  lOO  head 
here  and  there  is  not  a  blind  ox  in  the  bunch,  though  they  are  fed  entirely  on 
cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls  and  are  worked  hard  every  day  hauling  logs. 

I  have  some  oxen  that  have  been  working  six  years  on  meal  and  hulls  and 
are  among  the  best  cattle  I  own  today.  Large  steers  require  about  25  pounds 
of  hulls  and  5  pounds  of  meal  per  day.  As  a  result  of  feeding  on  above  plan,  all 
my  cattle  are  in  first-class  condition. 

Any  further  information  you  may  desire  regarding  this  subject  ivill  be  given 
ivith  pleasure. 

Yours  truly, 

(Signed)    G.    T alley." 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


The  above  is  a  photograph  of  a  bunch  of  mares  and  colts,  the  property  of  Mr.  Albert 
lamerson,  Route  2,  Iredell,  Texas,  which  Mr.  Jamerson  has  raised  on  cotton-seed 
iracks  feeding  them  100  days  during  the  fall  and  winter  at  the  rate  of  tvvo  pounds 
per  day  each.     He  finds  this  to  be  the  most  economical  feed  on  the  market. 


T  C  Westbrook,  Waco,  Texas,  building  a  levee  to  protect  one  of  his  farms  in  the  Brazos 
bottom.  These  mules  eat  cotton-seed  meal  and  corn,  about  equal  portions,  and  all 
the  hay  they  want. 


GOLDEN  GLEAM— By  Chester  Time  (a  son  of  the  famous  Chester  Dare  10).  Th's  filly 
was  foaled  March  29,  1912,  weaned  August  i,  and  has  been  fed  on  cotton-seed  meai 
every  dav  since.     She  was  a  blue  ribbon  winner  at  the  Dallas  Fair,  UctoDer,   191^. 


Above  picture  was  taken  February  16,  1913. 
Dallas,  Feb.  20,  1913. 


Respectfully, 


W.  L  Yopp. 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


81 


" M  hitesboro,  Texas,  Alarcli  4,  IQIJ. 
S.  R.  Cockrill  Mgr., 

Whitesboro  Cotton   Oil  Co., 
JV hitesboro.  Texas. 


De 


Sir: 


Complying  uiih  your  request  as  to  my  experience  in 
feeding  young  mules  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls,  I  wish  to  say 
that  I  have  for  the  past  five  years  been  feeding  this  product 
and  find  it  to  be  excellent  feed  and  not  at  all  expensive.  In 
feeding  mule  colts,  I  mix  four  hundred  pounds  of  meal  with 
one  ton  of  hulls  and  after  the  mules  become  used  to  it,  I  feed 
them  about  six  to  eight  pounds  daily  and  ivhat  wheat  straw 
they  ivill  eat.  This  ration  will  keep  them  in  fine  growing 
condition  and  ivhen  put  on  the  grass  will  soon  get  fat.  I  also 
give  this  feed  in  the  latter  part  of  summer  and  early  fall  luhen 
the  pasture  gets  dry  and  keep  them  growing.  I  have  never 
had  the  least  trouble  with  this  feed.     I  am 


J  ery  truly. 


J.  71/.  Buchanan. 


This  is  a  photograph  of  a  pen  of  mules  and  horses  feed- 
ing upon  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls.  These 
animals  are  the  property  of  Mr.  A.  D.  Turner, 
Denton,  Texas.  Mr.  Turner  is  seen  standing  on 
the  right  and  Mr.  Tom  Johnson  in  the  middle  of 
this  picture.  These  gentlemen  have,  as  partners, 
handled  fifteen  or  twenty  thousand  head  of  mules 
and  horses  in  the  last  twenty-five  years.  They 
have  never  fed  anything  but  cotton-seed  meal  and 
hulls  to  such  animals. 


82 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


"Shau-nee,  Oklahoma,  Feb.   lO,  IQJJ. 


Choctaic  Cotton  Oil  Co., 
Shannee,  Oklahoma. 


Gentlemen: 

Replying  to  your  inquiry,  ice  take  pleasure  in  endorsing  meal  and  hulls  as  a 
ration  for  horses  and  mules.  We  handle  2000  to  3000  head  of  mules  each  season 
and  we  take  pleasure  in  certifying  that  we  have  never  had  a  sick  mule  when  we 
have  had  them  on  a  ration  of  cotton-seed  meal  mixed  with  other  feed  stuffs. 

Yours  truly, 

Fibus  y  Gaskill" 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


83 


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84 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


Successful      ration 


Ration  for  Feeding  Mules, 
used      by      J.      M.     Buchanan, 


Whitesboro,      Texas; 


By  weight 

Cotton-seed  meal 400  pounds 

Cotton-seed  hulls   2000  pounds 

Thoroughly  mixed  and  from  6  to  8 
pounds  of  mixture  fed  daily  to  each 
mule,  with  as  much  wheat  straw  as  they 
will  eat. 


Daily  Ration  for  Growing  Horses. 
Amount  for  1000  lbs.  Live  Weight. 


Ration  No.  i: 

10  lbs.  Corn. 
2^  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal. 

12  lbs.  Prairie  hay. 


Ration  No.  2: 

2  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal. 
14  lbs.  Sorghum  hay. 
4  lbs.  Corn. 
6  lbs.  Wheat  bran. 


Daily  Ration  for  Horses  Working. 
Amount  for  1000  lbs.  Live  Weight. 


Ration  No.  i : 
8  lbs.  Corn. 

3  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal. 
12  lbs.  Prairie  hay. 

Ration  No.  2 : 
6  lbs.  Oats. 

3  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal. 
12  lbs.  Hay. 


Ration  No.  3: 
12  lbs.  Corn. 
2  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal. 
12  lbs.  Prairie  hay. 

Ration  No.  4: 

8  lbs.  Rice  bran. 

4  lbs.  Molasses. 
2^^  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal. 
12  lbs.  Prairie  hay. 


Feeding  Work  Oxen. 
Successful    ration    used    by    G.    Talley,    Beatrice,    Alabama 

By  weight 

Cotton-seed  meal    5  pounds 

Cotton-seed  hulls   25  pounds 


Chapter  VII. 


Fattening  Show  Cattle 
and  Sheep 


86 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


This  is  a  photograph  of  "Druid"  of  Point  Comfort,  Grand  Champion  Bull,  owned  by  Lee  Bros., 
of  San  Angelo,  Texas.     Cotton-seed  meal  has  always  been  a  part  of  his  daily  ration. 


FEEDING   FARM   ANIMALS  87 

Fattening  Thoroughbred   Herefords   For   Fat   Stock   Shows. 

THE  pen  fattening  of  range  cattle,  scrubs,  and  mixed  breeds  generally  for 
market  upon  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls  is  a  matter  of  such  common 
knowledge  among  every  class  of  people  in  the  South  that  our  people 
have  come  to  think  this  is  all  such  feed  is  good  for.  The  public  generally 
does  not  know  that  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls  form  all  or  a  part  of  the  ration 
of  thoroughbred  cattle  feeding  throughout  the  Country. 

Lee  Brothers,  San  Angelo,  Texas,  are  breeders  of  thoroughbred  Here- 
fords.    At  present,  they  have  over  300  registered  Herefords  in  their  herd. 

The  cut  shows  one  of  their  animals,  Druid  of  Point  Comfort,  Grand 
Champion  bull  over  all  ages,  1908,  1909,  1910,  191 1,  1912.  Lee  Brothers 
are  proud  of  this  animal  of  course.  Cotton-seed  meal  has  always  been  a  con- 
stituent element  of  his  ration.  He  is  kept  in  pretty  good  order  all  the  year, 
in  fact  he  is  fat  all  the  time.  His  ration  varies  with  the  season  of  the  year 
and  with  the  price  of  feed.  In  January,  1913,  his  ration,  and  the  ration  of 
the  rest  of  the  herd,  is  composed  of  cotton-seed  meal,  wheat  bran,  Johnson 
grass  ensilage,  corn  chops,  and  milo  maize  chops  in  the  following  propor- 
tions: 

Ration. 

100  lbs.  cotton  seed  meal 

200     "     milo  maize 

100     "     wheat  bran 

400     "     corn  chops 

100     "     Johnson  grass  ensilage  probably.  . 

Total   915  559-3 

The  nutritive  ratio  of  this  ration  is  about  i  to  6  or  i  to  7.  100  pounds 
of  cotton-seed  meal  could  be  substituted  for  100  pounds  corn  chops.  It 
would  not  then  be  necessary  to  feed  as  many  pounds  per  day  to  each  animal, 
as  it  is  with  the  above  ration.  Lee  Bros.,  like  all  other  scientific  feeders,  pro- 
duce a  large  part  of  their  feed.  They  buy  the  concentrates  which  they  need 
if  it  is  not  profitable  to  produce  it. 

A  picture  of  another  one  of  Lee  Bros.'  prize  winners  is  also  shown.  It 
is  a  grade  Hereford  steer  raised,  fattened,  and  kept  fat  upon  a  ration  of  cot- 
ton-seed meal,  milo  maize,  corn  chops,  bran  and  ensilage. 

The  value  of  ensilage  as  expressed  by  Phil  Lee  is,  ''ensilage  gives  the 
animal  a  good  appetite." 

Herein  is  a  recognition  of  a  most  important  physiological  principle. 
Food  cannot  be  absorbed  and  assimilated  by  animal  tissues  until  after  it  has 
been  digested.  It  cannot  be  well  digested  unless  the  digestive  glands  pro- 
duce an  abundant  quantity  of  potent  digestive  fluids.  Medical  men  of  all 
ages  have  striven  to  restore  the  appetite  of  their  patients,  but  not  until  recent- 
ly has  physiology  explained  the  precise  value  of  a  good  appetite.     Professor 


Digestible 

rotein. 

Fat  and  Carbohydrate. 

37-2 

44-4 

14 

126.2 

12.2 

45-3 

24.8 

292.4 

3-3 

51 

88 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


This  is  a  photograph  of  a  two  year  old  grade  steer  owned  by  Lee  Bros.,  San  Angelo,  Texas. 
This  is  a  blue  ribbon  steer  that  has  always  eaten  cotton-seed  meal. 


Pavlov,  already  referred  to  in  the  preceding  division  of  this  booklet,  in  his 
research  work  on  the  "Digestive  Glands," — the  salivary  glands,  gastric  glands, 
the  pancreas,  the  intestines,  and  the  liver — tried  to  find  out  how  to  stimulate 
.these  digestive  organs.     Aher  several  years  of  this  work,  he  said, 

"The  appetite,  as  has  been  repeated  many  times  in  these  lectures,  is  the 
strongest  of  all  stimuli  to  the  digestive  glands," 

Whatever  may  be  said  of  ensilage — its  feeding  value,  its  cost,  and  the 
like — its  most  important  function  is  in  giving  to  the  animal  this  ''appetite 
juice,"  this  "igniting  fluid"  we  call  appetite. 

This  grade  Hereford  and  this  grand  champion  bull  before  mentioned 
are  fed  cotton-seed  meal  every  day  in  the  year.  They  are  as  fat  as  mud  all 
the  time,  and  they  don't  have  to  be  rushed  to  market  at  the  end  of  a  ninety 
day  fattening  period  before  some  digestive  disturbance  takes  place.  They 
have  been  raised  upon  cotton-seed  meal  and  other  concentrated  feeding  stuffs. 
Their  body  cells  are  accustomed  to  such  food,  and  are  organized  for  the 
proper  handling  of  such  concentrates.  Since  cotton-seed  meal  contains  such 
a  high  percent,  of  protein,  which  is  essential  to  the  production  of  muscle, 
bone,  nerve  tissue,  skin,  hair,  connective  tissue,  and  ligaments — the  frame- 
work of  an  animal — it  is  no  wonder  that  so  many  prize  winners  are  made  of 
those  animals  that  eat  it  all  of  their  lives. 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


89 


Upper  row  from  left  to  right,  A.  D.  1  uriier,  Denton,  1  r  i,  i  i  ider  of  thorough-bred  Shropsln  e 
sheep;  J.  S.  Abbott,  Food  and  Drug  Commissioner  of  Texas;  Tom  Johnson,  President, 
First  National  Bank,  Denton,  Texas. 

Lower  row,  imported  Shropshire  rams  and  ewes.  These  thorough-bred  sheep  are  fed  ex- 
clusively upon  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls. 


Feeding  Sheep  Cotton-Seed  Meal  and  Hulls 

One  of  the  best  known  breeders  of  thoroughbred  sheep  in  Texas  is  A.  D. 
Turner,  of  Denton,  Texas.  Some  of  the  ribbons,  red  and  blue,  are  shown, 
representing  the  numerous  prizes  received  by  Mr.  Turner  on  sheep  shown  at 
many  places  in  the  United  States.  Some  sheep  that  are  being  fattened  on 
cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls  alone  for  the  Fat  Stock  Show  held  in  Ft.  Worth, 
Texas,  in  March,  191 3,  are  also  shown. 

At  the  State  Fair  of  Texas  in  1912,  Mr.  Turner  got  $91.00  of  the  $100.00 
offered  as  prize  money  in  the  sheep  department.  The  other  $9.00  was  taken 
by  a  man  to  whom  Mr.  Turner  had  sold  sheep.  He  has  never  fed  his  sheep 
anything  but  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls.  He  has  1,200  acres  of  land,  a  part 
of  which  is  used  for  pasture.  But  the  sheep  are  fed  during  the  winter,  and 
fattened  for  show  purposes  entirely  upon  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls.  If  a 
man  who  imports  the  finest  sheep  offered  for  sale,  breeds  them  for  breeding 
purposes,  and  never  feeds  anything  but  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls,  there  is 
certainly  a  good  reason  for  it.  Mr.  Turner  has  been  a  sheep  man  in  Denton 
County  ever  since  the  departure  of  the  Red  man  from  his  trail  up  and  down 
Denton  creek.     He  has  been  a  sheep  man  since  the  time  the  old  settlers  had 


90 


FEEDING   FARM   ANIMALS 


These  are  cuts  of  a  few  of  the  many  ribbons  that  have  been  put  upon  the  prize  winning  sheep 
awned  by  A.  D.  Turner,  Denton,  Texas.  Mr.  Turner  has  never  fed  his  sheep  anything 
but  cotton-seed  meal   and  hulls. 


to  do  without  lights  at  night,  so  the  Indians  could  not  find  their  houses.  He 
has  fed  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls  exclusively  for  twenty  years  to  all  sorts 
of  farm  live-stock  and  he  has  accumulated  enough  to  live  on  quite  comfort- 
ably from  what  he  has  made  in  the  stock  business. 

The  cut  shows  a  few  imported  Shropshires  which  cost  from  $100.00  to 
$400.00  each.  Their  ration,  like  all  the  others,  is  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls. 
Another  bunch  being  fattened  for  show  purposes  upon  cotton-seed  meal  and 
hulls,  is  also  shown. 


A  few  mutton  being  fattened  upon  cotton-seed  meal 
and  hulls  only,  by  Mr.  A.  D.  Turner,  Denton, 
Texas,  who  will  show  them  at  the  Fat  Stock  Show 
in   Ft.  Worth,   Texas,   this   spring. 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


91 


Another  bunch  of  thorough-bred  sheep  eating  cotton- 
seed meal  and  hulls;  the  home  of  A.  D.  Turner, 
Denton,  Texas. 


Hon.  J.  S.  Abbott, 

Food  and  Drug  Commissioner, 
Austin,  Texas. 


"Denton,   Texas,  Feb.   15,  19 13. 


Replying  to  your  recent  letter  asking  for  my  experience  in  feeding  cotton- 
seed meal  and  hulls  I  beg  to  say  that  I  have  been  feeding  cotton-seed  meal  and 
hulls  to  mules,  horses,  sheep,  cattle,  and  hogs  for  about  25  years. 

I  liintered  75  head  of  mules  and  horses  last  icinter  on  cotton-seed  meal  and 
hulls  alone  and  they  ivent  through  the  winter  in  fine  condition.  They  had  a 
good  appetite  and  a  good  sleek  coat  of  hair  all  the  winter. 

I  do  not  feed  anything  to  my  imported  Shropshire  sheep  except  a  mixture 
of  cotton-seed  rneal  and  hulls,  and  I  have  never  seen  any  bad  effects  of  this  feed. 
Sheep  fed  upon  this  feeding  ration  icill  not  shed  their  ivool  as  they  do  zvhen  fed 
upon  corn  ration.  This  ration  keeps  the  ewes  in  a  good  healthy  condition  and 
causes  them  to  give  a  large  How  of  milk  which  gives  the  lambs  a  fine  start. 

I  am  sending  you  hereiiith  some  photographs  of  a  few  of  the  many  ribbons 
that  I  have  carried  off  from  State  and  World's  fairs  in  the  showing  of  sheep 
that  have  never  eaten  anything  but  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls  except  ichat  iceeds 
and  grass  they  could  get  around  my  place.  Of  the  $100.00  prize  money  offered 
by  the  Dallas-Texas  State  Fair  last  year,  I  received  $91.00  on  prize  icinning 
sheep. 

I  have  never  had  an  animal  of  any  kind  to  founder  on  cotton-seed  meal. 

Very  truly  yours, 

A.  D.  TURNER." 


92 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


"Denton,  Texas,  Feb.  15,  19 1 3- 
Hon.  J.  S.  Abbott, 

Food  and  Drug  Commissioner, 
Austin,  Texas. 
Dear  Sir: 

I  have  been  feeding  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls  to  horses,  mules,  and  hogs 
for  about  15  years.  There  is  absolutely  no  other  feed  equal  to  this  for  keeping 
farm  live  stock  in  a  good  healthy  growing  condition  with  a  good  appetite  and 
sleek  hair. 

I  make  a  thin  slop  of  the  cotton-seed  meal  for  hogs  and  give  them  from 
one-half  to  2  lbs.  of  the  tneal  per  day.  My  hogs  have  always  done  well  on  this 
ration.  They  are  alloued  to  graze,  of  course,  and  to  have  access  to  plenty  of 
water.  As  the  hog  doesn't  sweat  he  has  to  have  something  to  keep  him  cool  in 
the  hot  summer  time. 

Mr.  A.  D.  Turner  of  this  city  and  I  have  fattened  thousands  of  sheep  on 
cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls  and  have  never  had  any  trouble  in  keeping  them  in 
a  good  thriving  condition. 

Yours  truly, 

fV.   T.  Johnson." 

"Based  on  the  Chicago  price  for  best  feeding  lambs  plus  30  cents  for  ship- 
ping, the  cost  of  grains  was  so  high  that  only  the  lots  fed  corn,  cotton-seed  meal, 
clover  hay  and  ensilage  sold  high  enough  to  return  any  profit." — Bui.  No.  16, 
Purdue  University  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Lafayette,  Ind. 


\  '  1 


^■mm 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


93 


Daily  Ration  for  Growing  Sheep. 
Amount  for  loo  lbs.  Live  Weight. 


Ration 

Ya  lb. 
3  lbs. 

Ration 

I  lb. 

Yz  lb. 

I  lb. 

I  lb. 


No.  i: 

Ration 

No.  3: 

Cottonseed  meal. 

I  lb. 

Corn. 

Sorghum,     prairie,     alfalfa,     or        Yz  lb. 

Wheat  bran. 

cow-pea  hay. 

Y2  lb. 

Cotton-seed  meal. 

No.  2: 

1Y2  lbs. 

Cotton-seed  hulls. 

Corn. 

Ration 

No.  4: 

Cotton-seed  meal. 

ii/^  lbs 

Rice  bran. 

Cow-pea  hay. 

Y2  lb. 

Cotton-seed  meal. 

Sorghum  hay. 

1Y2  lbs. 

Cow-pea  hay, 

Daily   Ration  for   Fattening   Sheep. 
Amount  for  100  lbs.  Live  Weight. 


Ration  No.  i : 

1  lb.     Cotton-seed  meal. 
3  lbs.  Cotton-seed  hulls. 

Ration  No.  2 : 

2  lbs.  Corn. 

Yz  lb.     Cotton-seed  meal. 
2  lbs.  Cotton-seed  hulls,  sorghum  hay, 
cow-pea  hay,  or  prairie  hay. 


Ration  No.  3 : 

I  lb.     Wheat  bran. 
34  lb.     Cotton-seed    meal. 
3  lb.     Cotton-seed  hulls. 


b> 

94 


FEEDING   FARM   ANIMALS 


Chapter  VIII. 


The  Export  Trade  in 
Cotton-Seed  Products 


96 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


Port  Arthur  (Texas)  cotton-seed  cake  sacking  and  grinding  export  dock  of  the  Texas  Export 
and  Import  Company  of  Galveston,  Texas.  Largest  cotton-seed  meal  and  cake  export  dock 
in  the  World.  Steamers  "RhoJantlie,"  "Etonian"  and  "Sicilia"  loading  simultaneously 
cotton-seed  meal   and  cake.     Season    1911-12. 

The  Export  Trade  in  Cotton-Seed  Products. 

THIS  trade  has  grown  to  such  proportions  as  to  ahnost  equal  the  balance 
in  trade  between  the  United  States  and  Europe.  Our  exports  to  Europe 
being  larger  than  our  imports  about  the  value  of  the  Cotton-seed 
Products  we  export,  therefore,  such  products  are  an  important  factor  in  our 
foreign  trade  relations. 

In  the  beginning  of  the  Cotton-seed  Product  industry  in  the  United 
States  we  had  to  depend  upon  the  foreign  markets  entirely  for  the  disposi- 
tion of  these  products,  but  as  the  industry  grew  and  the  volume  of  such  pro- 
ducts made  increased  (as  our  cotton  crop  increased),  they  became  so  impor- 
tant, and  the  capital  invested  in  their  manufacture  so  large,  that  efforts  were 
made  to  educate  the  people  of  our  own  country  to  the  great  value  of  such 
products  that  were  being  sent  out  of  our  country  at  less  than  their  value. 

While  the  amount  and  value  of  such  products  exported  the  past  year 
was  perhaps  the  largest  in  the  history  of  the  business,  the  amount  of  such 
products  produced  the  past  year  grew  to  such  proportions  that  the  amount 
exported  was  not  more  than  one-third  of  the  amount  produced.  This  em- 
phasizes the  great  importance  that  the  manufacturing  of  such  products  has 
grown  to  in  this  country,  as  well  as  the  great  importance  that  the  trade  in 
such  products  now  occupies  in  our  own  country. 

To  further  illustrate  the  importance  that  such  products  now  occupy  in 
our  export  trade  and  in  our  domestic  trade  as  well,  vou  have  only  to  look  at 


FEEDING   FARM   ANIMALS  97 

the  volume  produced  in  this  country  the  past  year  and  the  proportion  of  it 
exported  and  that  consumed  in  this  country. 

The  amount  of  cotton-seed  oil  produced  the  past  year  was  approxi- 
mately 3,500,000  barrels  of  fifty  gallons  each,  and  the  amount  exported  was 
about  1,000,000  barrels,  leaving  for  consumption  in  this  country  about 
2,500,000  barrels.  The  amount  of  cotton-seed  cake  and  meal  produced  the 
past  year  was  approximately  2,000,000  tons  of  2,000  pounds  each  and  the 
amount  exported  was  about  650,000  tons,  leaving  about  1,350,000  tons  for 
consumption  in  this  country. 

There  is  scarcely  any  other  single  product  the  growth  in  volume  of 
which  has  been  so  rapid,  and  the  demand  for  which  has  so  closely  kept  pace 
with  its  increased  production  as  has  cotton-seed  products,  and  so  important 
have  they  become,  both  in  this  country  and  Europe,  that  neither  country 
could  well  get  along  without  them. 

All  of  which  goes  to  show  the  great  intrinsic  merit  of  such  products,  as 
well  as  their  importance  in  our  export  trade  as  well  as  to  our  domestic  trade. 
They  furnish  feed  for  our  stock,  and  food  for  mankind  and  beyond  question 
are  destined  to  continue  and  grow  in  importance  as  the  people  become  edu- 
cated to  their  merits,  both  as  a  pure  and  healthful  food  for  mankind  and  as 
a  highly  concentrated  and  valuable  feed  for  every  kind  of  stock  we  raise. 

The  following  tables  show  the  amount  and  value  of  cotton-seed  oil  ex- 
ported from  the  United  States  for  several  years  past  and  to  what  countries 

it  goes:  Fiscal  year  Pounds  Dollars 

1908 307,649,933  1 7,226,45 1 

1909 383,154,968  20,851,380 

1910 223,955,002  14,798,063 

191 1 225,520,944  17,127,369 

1912 399,470,973  24,089,223 

The  distribution  of  the  export  in  the  fiscal  year  191 2  to  principal 
countries  was,  stated  in  pounds,  as  follows: 

Exported  to —  Pounds 

Netherlands     97,590, 1 74 

England    63,566,425 

Italy    36,670,719 

France 25,596,365 

Canada   22,659,718 

Mexico    28,961,136 

Argentina    8,893.927 


Loading  of  cotton-seed  meal  into  barges  under  super- 
vision of  Goldstuck,  Hainze  &  Co.,  Rotterdam. 


98 


FEEDING   FARM   ANIMALS 


The  Cotton  Seed  Oil  in  Cuba 

"Habana,  Cuba,  March  3,  1913. 

"This  commodity  can  be  considered  as  a  new  one  in  the  Cuban  market, 
and  ten  years  ago,  very  few  people  knew  that  from  the  cotton-seed  an  oil  of 
positive  nutritious  results  was  obtained,  and  that  with  time  it  would  come  if 
not  to  eliminate  the  olive  oil,  at  least  to  be  its  substitute. 

"The  cotton-seed  oil  importa- 
tion, as  a  domestic  matter,  has 
greatly  developed,  having  reduced 
the  crude  oil  importation  for  soap 
making. 

"Various  are  the  packages  and 
qualities  of  oil  imported  into 
Cuba,  but  the  oil  of  greater  de- 
mand is  the  'winter  yellow'  which 
comes  in  cases  of  4  tins  of  22^ 
pounds  each  and  is  used  to  replace 
the  olive  oil  and  many  times  to  be 
mixed  with  it. 

"The  'summer  yellow  oil'  has 
not  such  a  demand  as  the  'winter 
yellow  oil'  which  is  really  not 
explainable.  Since  this  is  a  warm 
country,  where  temperature  never 
is  under  71°  F.,  the  summer  oil 
keeps  perfectly  well,  clear  and 
brilliant. 

"Most  of  the  oil  that  comes  in 
barrels  is  employed  in  making  com- 
pound lard.  There  is  only  one  compound  lard  factory  in  this  country  which  can- 
not supply  all  the  demand,  having  the  advantage  on  imported  compounds, 
that  our  Custom  House  Tariff  allows  of  a  25%  reduction  in  duties  on  prime 
matters  for  making  compound  lard. 

"There  is  a  market,  though  very  small,  for  white  and  yellow  oils  in 
barrels,  specially  for  bakers. 


Loading    cutton-beed    meal    into    bai'ges    under    super- 
vision of  Goldstuck,  Hainze  &  Co.,  Rotterdam. 


Delivery  of  cotton-seed  meal  ex.  warehouse  into 
wagons  under  supervision  of  Goldstuck,  Hainze 
&   Co.,    Rotterdam. 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS  99 

"The  compound  lard  consumption  has  been  reduced  in  Cuba  due  to 
low  prices  of  pure  lards,  and  having  only  a  difference  of  2  cents  per  pound 
m  cost  the  buyer  prefers  the  pure  lard.  F  u  ^ 

rels  i's"^^^   ^°^^^   consumption  yearly   in  the  whole  island  for  cases  and  bar- 

Cases 18,732 

^^"^1^  9,376 

"The  oil  barrels  are  of  about  52  gallons,  and  it  can  be  said  that  only  two 
or  three   lactones  work   this  market,  and   they  are:    Edible  Products  Co 
American  Cotton  Oil  Co.,  and  Southern  Cotton  Oil  Co. 
T  .K-T^l°^^-^/  ^^.cfo^i^s  limit  themselves  to  sell  quantities  of  lard  and  oil 
1  think  that  if  this  market  were  better  worked,    approaching  more   to   its 
Latin  customs    a  greater  business  could  be  obtained  in  cotton-seed  oils  and 
compound  lard. 

"The  firms  of  that  country  that  wish  to  work  this  market  and  want  to 
know  the  way  and  uses  of  doing  business  here  might  address  me  through 
the  lexas  Cotton-Seed  Crushers^  Association  or  directly,  and  I  will  be 
pleased  to  inform  them  fully.  ' 

"The  market  can  be  also  interested  in  cotton-seed  fertilizers  of  7  to 
9%  ammonia  basis,  and  acid  greases  of  38  to  40%  with  97%  saponifiable 
prime  crude  oil  and  off-crude  oil.  puuiuduic 

"Undeniable  results  of  great  commercial  development  by  its  own 
strength,  this  country  is  obtaining  and,  near  to  the  United  States,  must  make 
the  merchants  of  that  country  to  look  to  the  advantages  that  would  come 

n'eeds'^   /  mTrce^     "''  ^'  ''''''  '^''  ^'"^^"^  ^^  '^'   ''''^''''  ^^at  cZ 


Weighing  on  quay  of  cotton-.ccJ  .a.c  under  supervision  or  ooi.tuck,  Hainze 
&   Co.,    Hamburg. 


100 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


r 


Weighing,  sampling  and  dc-li\cr\   akuiy>idc  ut  cuitun-.^..,!  ;;:.a!  l...Jl-  super- 
vision   of    Goldstuck,    Hainze    &    Co.,    Hamburg. 


Weighing  and  sampling  on  quay  of  cotton-seed  meal   under  supervision  of 
Goldstuck,  Hainze  &  Co.,  Hamburg. 


Chapter  IX. 


Dairy  Cow^s 


102 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


'LASSIE." — Great  Scott's  Champion,  203703,  on  her  sire's  side  a  great  grand-daughter  of 
Golden  Lad,  through  her  sire  Rhymer  P.  2756  H.  C,  and  her  grand-sire,  Great  Scott,  P. 
2153  H.  C,  and  on  her  dam's  side  a  grand-daughter  of  Golden  Lad,  through  her  dam 
Tricycle  3rd  P.  6295  C,  owned  by  Ed.  C.  Lasater,  Falfurrias,  Texas.  "Lassie's"  ration, 
among  other  things,  consists  of  five  pounds  of  cold  press  cotton-seed  cake. 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


103 


Feeding  Dairy  Cows. 

Every  dairyman  in  reach  of  cotton-seed  products,  as  is  well  known,  uses 
more  or  less  of  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls  for  feeding  dairy  cows.  Even  as 
far  North  as  Maine  cotton-seed  meal  is  very  generally  used,  as  is  seen  by  the 
following  letter  to  the  Texas  Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner  who  made  in- 
quiry on  this  point: 

"Maine  Agricultural  Experiment  Station 
OronOj  JMaine 
Chas.  D.  Woods, 

Director.  January  17,  IQIJ. 

Mr.  J.  S.  Abbott, 

Food  and  Drug  Commissioner, 
Austin,  Texas. 

Dear  Mr.  Abbott: 

Your  letter  of  January  nth  is  at  hand.  We  have  made  direct  experiments 
ivith  the  feeding  of  cotton-seed  meal  and  cotton-seed  hulls  to  live  stock,  horses, 
mules,  chickens,  hogs,  etc.  Of  course  you  are  aware  that  cotton-seed  meal  is 
largely  used  as  part  of  the  ration  for  dairy  cattle  in  Maine,  and  it  is  used  for  that 
purpose  successfully. 

Yours  truly, 

CHAS.  D.  WOODS, 

Director." 

In  many  places  dairy  cows  are  fed  upon  meal  and  hulls  all  the  year 
with  no  other  feed  to  amount  to  anything  scarcely.  Such  cattle  remain  in 
a  good,  healthy,  thriving  condition  longer  than  upon  any  other  single  food 
product  ration. 

One  of  the  most  successful  dairymen  in  Texas  operating  upon  a  small 
scale  is  Mr.  A.  E.  Franklin,  Austin,  Texas.  The  figure  shows  Mr.  Frank- 
lin's barn  in  which  his  cows  are  milked.  Mr.  Franklin  is  an  enthusiastic 
feeder  of  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls.  He  mixes  a  little  bran  with  the  cot- 
ton-seed meal  when  he  is  feeding  hay  in  place  of  hulls,  because  of  the  rich- 
ness of  the  meal.  Mr.  Franklin  is  an  enthusiastic  friend  of  cotton-seed  meal 
and  hulls. 


jMH^^^^L 

pPr  i"'^ 

1 

■am 

MR.    A.    E.    FRANKLIN'S   BARN,    CONTAINING   A 

WASH    ROOM    AND    A    MILK    ROOM 

FOR     MILKING      COWS. 

On  the  left  side  is  a  little  boiler  room  which  contains 
a  $35.00  boiler  for  making  hot  water  and  steajn 
which  is  conveyed  through  pipes  to  the  wash  room 
on  the  left  hand  of  the  main  barn.  On  the  right 
hand  of  the  main  barn  is  where  he  milks  his  cows. 
It  is  well  screened.  This  sanitary  milk  barn  and 
wash  room  was  built  by  Mr.  Franklin  himself  at 
a  cost  of  less  than  $200.00.  Mr.  Franklin  is  milk- 
ing seven  thoroughbred  Jersey  cows  and  is  selling 
his  milk  at  80  cents  a  gallon,  which  is  just  double 
the  regular  market  price  of  milk.  The  seven  cows 
are  bringing  him  from  $450.00  to  $500.00  a  month 
gross.  The  net  earning  is  something  over  $300.00 
a  month.  These  cows  are  fed  upon  a  ration  of 
cotton-seed   hulls,   meal   and   wheat  bran. 


104 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


Operating  upon  a  much  larger  scale  in  the  dairy  business  is  the  Fal- 
furrias  Jersey  Dairy  Company.  Mr.  Lasater  owns  nearly  half  a  million 
acres  of  land,  19,000  cattle,  700  horse  stock,  and  over  1,200  dairy  cows,  of 
which  about  900  are  registered  Jerseys. 


FALFURRIAS  JERSEY  DAIRY  COMPANY, 
Ed.  C.  Lasater,  President, 
Falfurrias  (Brooks  Co.),  Texas. 


Prize  winners  owned  by  Ed.  C.  Lasater,  Falfurrias, 
Texas.  These  thoroughbred  Jerseys  eat  from  five 
to  six  pounds  of  cotton-seed  cold   press  cake  daily. 


In  the  fall  of  191 1,  the  Falfurrias 
Jerse.v  enterprise  was  incorporated  into 
what  is  now  known  as  the  "Falfurrias 
Jersey  Dairy  Company,"  with  a  paid-up 
capital  of  $1,000,000.00. 

Incorporated  for  the  uses  of  the  Fal- 
furrias Jersey  Dairy  Company  is  forty 
thousand  acres  of  land  out  of  the  Fal- 
furrias Ranch.  There  are  eight  dairies 
now  in  operation  on  this  proposition,  they 
being  so  situated  as  to  provide  ample  pas- 
turage for  the  number  of  cattle  each  one 
is  intended  to  carry.  Seven  of  these  dairies 
have  a  capacity  of  one  hundred  and 
twenty-five  cows  each,  and  the  eighth,  fifty 
cows.  Each  dairy  has  separate  pastures 
for  cows  in  milk  and  for  dry  cows.  The 
outlying  pastures  being  used  for  breeding 
young  heifers,  for  calves  when  taken  from 
the  dairies,  dry  cows  and  bulls.  Three  of 
these  dairies  are  operated  with  registered 
Jersey  cows;  the  other  five  with  high- 
graded  Jersey  cows.  There  are  at  present 
located  on  this  property  twenty-one  silos, 
with  an  aggregate  capacity  of  two  thou- 
sand six  hundred  tons  of  ensilage;  all  of 
these  silos  have  been  filled  with  corn, 
kafJer  corn,  sorghum  and  pea  vine  ensil- 
age this  spring  and  summer.  As  many 
more  will  be  built  another  year. 
The  Feeding  Stuffs  of  this  Dairy. 

During  the  month  of  March,  of 
191 2,  milking  an  average  of  738  cows  per 
day,  the  average  daily  milk  production  per 
cow  of  this  herd  was  19.78  pounds,  and 
the  average  daily  butter  production  per 
cow,  a  fraction  over  one  pound.  These 
results  being  obtained  by  feeding  a  ration 
of  six  pounds  of  cold  pressed  cotton-seed 
cake,  per  cow,  per  day,  at  a  cost  of  less 
than  six  cents,  together  with  native  pas- 
turage. Beginning  with  February  the 
weed  crop,  and  subsequently  the  grass, 
keeps  the  cows  in  tlie  best  possible  physical 
condition,  and,  at  a  very  nominal  feed  cost, 
keeps  the  production  up  to  a  very  satis- 
factory standard,  and  most  certainly  an 
economic  one,  until  cold  weather,  usually 
November." 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


105 


Another  prize  winner,   uwneii  ■    :     > 

thoroughbred  Jersey  eats   from   h\  e   to 
press   cake  daily. 

The  following  letter  is  self-explanatory: 
"ED.  C.  LASATER, 
Falfurrias,  Texas. 

Mr.  J.  S.  Abbott. 

Food  and  Dairy  Cominissioner, 
Austin,  Texas. 


.  .-.     lexa^.       1  his 
xiunds  ol   cotton-seed   cold 


February   15,  1913. 


Your  favor  of  February  1st  received.  Mr.  Lasater  has  only  been  at  home 
iiio  days  since  it  was  received  and  during  that  time  ivas  so  busy  he  did  not 
have  the  time  to  reply  to  it,  but  requested  us  to  write  you. 

His  vieii's  are  that  no  concentrates  can  be  fed  to  dairy  cattle  to  better 
advantage  than  can  cotton-seed  cake  and  cotton-seed  meal.  We  are  feeding  the 
cold  pressed  cotton-seed  cake  to  our  dairy  cows  now,  in  quantities  up  to  five 
pounds  per  cow  daily,  according  to  amount  of  milk  they  are  giving.  This  cold 
pressed  cake  contains  forty  per  cent,  of  cotton-seed  meal. 

We  have  never  experimented  with  our  cows  to  see  what  feeds  icould  produce 
the  most  milk,  as  we  feed  for  economic  production  and  not  maximum  production. 

At  the  present  time  we  are  milking  nine  hundred  cows,  and  making  over 
eight  hundred  pounds  of  butter  daily.  This  butter  yield  will  increase  to  more 
than  a  thousand  during  the  month  of  March.  PVe  feed  nothing  excepting  the 
cold  pressed  cake,  as  above  mentioned,  and  prickly  pear  during  the  ivinter  months 
lihere  tee  have  it.  Most  of  our  dairies,  hoivever,  have  nothing  excepting  the 
cake  and  the  pastures.  We  also  feed  the  cake  to  the  calves  as  soon  as  they  will 
eat  it;  they  seem  to  relish  it.  and  ice  find  that  they  do  splendidly  on  a  small 
amount  of  it. 

We  regret  that  jMr.  Lasater  could  not  have  had  the  time  to  give  you  his 
views  in  a  personal  letter,  but  trust  that  the  information  contained  herein  H'ill  be 
of  some  value  to  you,  we  are. 

Yours  very  truly, 

Ed.   C.  Lasater  Office, 

By   A.   B.   Jones." 


106 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


Dairy  barn  and  silos,  owned  by  Ed.  C.  Lasater,  Fai- 
furrias,  Texas,  in  the  land  of  sunshine,  "The  Land 
of  Heart's  Delight."  The  dairy  barn  is  built  so  as 
to  admit  plenty  of  air.  The  cow  animal,  as  well 
as  the  man  animal,  needs  canned  vegetables  during 
the  winter  months.     Hence,  the  Silo. 


"/  am  in  receipt  of  your  letter  of  August  26  by  your  Manager  to  Dean 
F.  B.  Mumford.  We  have  been  making  use  of  cotton-seed  meal  in  feeding  our 
dairy  herd  for  I0-I2  years  and  feed  it  regularly  in  sufficient  quantities  to  properly 
balance  the  ration. 

IVhen  talking  to  Farmers'  Institutes  and  other  gatherings  I  have  repeatedly 
urged  farmers  to  use  cotton-seed  meal  for  their  dairy  cows.  The  typical  ration 
fed  to  the  Missouri  cow  consists  of  corn,  corn  stover,  and  timothy  hay  iihich  is 
capable  of  producing  only  a  limited  amount  of  milk.  The  addition  of  2  pounds 
cotton-seed  meal  per  day  to  this  increases  the  milk-making  capacity  about  30% 
or  more.  tVe  should  be  entirely  ivilling  to  give  our  opinion  regarding  the  value 
and  economy  of  feeding  cotton-seed  meal  to  anyone  who  may  nish  our  opinion 
concerning  it." — C.  H.  Eckles,  Prof.  Dairy  Husbandry,  University  of  Missouri, 
Columbia,  Mo. 

"The  phenomenally  high  melting  point  of  butter  from  cotton-seed"  was  first 
pointed  out,  I  believe,  by  Prof.  H.  H.  Harrington  and  Dr.  H.  W .  Wiley. 

"It  has  since  been  further  confirmed  at  the  Texas  Agricultural  Experimental 
Station  and  by  the  Alabama  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 

The  practical  effect  of  all  this  must  be  found,  if  at  all,  in  the  increased 
firmness  of  the  butter  for  handling  and  shipping  in  hot  iieather." — The  Penn- 
sylvania State  College  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  State  College,  Pa.,  Bui. 
No.  17. 

"Feeding  Values  of  Cottox-Seed  and  Linseed  Meals.  Tiventy  cows 
were  fed  for  nearly  six  months.  Cotton-seed  jncal  seemed  to  possess  a  small 
though  measurable  advantage  over  linseed  meal  as  a  milk  and  butter-making 
by-product ;  and  since  it  cost  less  and  carried  a  greater  plant  food  content,  it 
proved  economically  preferable." — Bui.  ijy,  Vermont  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station,  Burlington,  It. 

"Protein  is  the  necessary  ingredient  for  practically  all  farmers  and  dairymen 
to  purchase. 

"The  prices  paid  for  cattle  feeds  bear  very  little  relation  to  their  feeding 
value.  The  price  is  so  much  per  ton  whether  it  is  rich  in  protein  and  zuell  suited 
to  supplement  the  ordinary  farm  feeds,  or  whether  it  be  a  feed  rich  in  starch  and 
of  less  value  in  compounding  rations." — Serial  No.  4S,  Bui.  Georgia  Dept.  of 
Agriculture. 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


107 


"In  these  trials  cotton-seed  meal,  even  the  relatively  poor  grade  fed,  icon  out 
handily  as  compared  with  linseed  meal.  Yet  the  writer  believes  that  the  latter  is 
an  advisable  concomitant  to  use  with  cotton-seed,  because  of  its  laxative  properties. 

Cotton'-Seed  Meal,  as  compared  with  linseed  meal,  seemed  to  possess  a 
small  though  measurable  advantage  as  a  milk  and  butter-making  by-product; 
and  since  it  cost  less  and  carried  a  greater  plant  food  content,  it  proved  economi- 
cally preferable." — Bulletin  IIQ,  Vermont  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 
Burlington,  I't. 

"After  the  calf  is  one  lueek  old,  it  should  be  given  some  grain  to  teach  it  to 
eat  as  soon  as  possible.  A  mixture  of  ivheat  bran,  ground  oats  and  oil-meal  in 
equal  parts  icill  be  found  excellent  for  producing  growth,  and  bulky  enough  to 
start  the  development  of  the  paunch." — Bulletin  63,  Storrs  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station.  Storrs,  Conn. 

"One  pound  of  cotton-seed  meal  was  found  to  be  equal  to  nearly  two  pounds 
of  cocoanut  meal  for  milk  production." — Bulletin  gg,  Florida  Agricultural 
Experiment  Station. 


108 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


Has  Fed  it  for  Fifteen  Years. 

Mr.  J.  M.  If'atson,  pioneer  feeder  of  Hamilton  County,  Kansas,  says: 

"March  25,  igjj. 
H.  G.  Cherry,  Mgr., 
Kansas  City.  Mo. 

Dear  Sir: 

I  have  used  cotton-seed  cake  for  fifteen  years  and  can  say  that  it  is  the  best 
and  cheapest  feed  I  ever  used  for  cattle,  also  for  milch  cons  and  calves." 


This  is  a  photograph  of  Rezellman,  a  Holstein  cow  owned  by  F.  B.  Hale,  Osceola,  Arkansas, 
who  bought  her  from  Mrs.  Fullerton  of  Cape  Girardeau,  Mo.,  who  imported  her  from 
Holland.  She  gave  from  8  to  10  gallons  of  milk  per  day  upon  a  ration  of  cotton-seed 
meal    and   hulls. 


"These  were  the  finest  cows  I  ever  saw,  and  every  person  that  did  see  them  said 
they  were  fine  and  very  fine,  and  it  was  all  brought  about  just  by  feeding  them  cotton- 
seed meal  and  hulls.  Try  it.  Get  you  a  good  blooded  cow  and  feed  her  meal  and 
hulls  and  just  keep  feeding  it  and  you  zvill  find  it  to  be  the  best  feed  for  cattle,  hogs, 
mules  and  horses  you  ever  fed."-F.  B.  Hale.  Osceola,  Ark.,  March  4.  1913. 


no 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


"Whitesboro,  Texas,  Feb.  27,  IQIJ. 
Mr.  S.  R.  Cockrill,  Mgr., 

Whitesboro  Cotton  Oil  Company, 
Whitesboro,  Texas. 

Dear  Sir: 

In  regard  to  feeding  hulls  and  meal  to  stock,  I  have  been  feeding  meal  to 
my  hogs  for  a  number  of  years,  and  have  fed  hulls  and  meal  to  cattle  for  the  past 
five  or  six  years,  and  with  the  best  results  at  all  times.  I  have  two  milk  cows 
four  years  old,  which  have  been  fed  meal  and  hulls  twice  a  day  since  they  were 
weaned.    I  have  fattened  numbers  of  cattle  of  all  kinds  on  hulls  and  meal. 

yours  truly, 

M.    r.    Scheid." 


Calf  Feeding. 

Successful   ration   used   by    Connecticut 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station: 

By  weight 

Wheat  Bran  i  part 

Ground  Oats i  part 

Oil  meal    i  part 


Ration 

No.  i: 

35  lbs. 

Silage. 

12  lbs. 

Mixed  hay. 

2  lbs. 

Wheat  bran. 

2  lbs. 

Corn  meal. 

4  lbs. 

Cotton-seed  meal. 

Ration 

No.  2: 

3  lbs. 

Cotton-seed  meal. 

Daily  Ration  for  a  Dairy  Cov\ 
Ration  No.  3 


3  lbs.  Wheat  bran. 
15  lbs.  Cotton-seed  hulls. 


3  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal. 


6  lbs 
12  lbs 

7  lbs 

Ration  No 
6  lbs 
3  lbs 
3 


Sweet  potatoes. 

Mixed  hay  or  cotton-seed  hulls. 

Blackstrap  Molasses. 


lbs. 
lbs. 


4: 
Beet  pulp. 
Corn  and  cob  meal. 
Cotton-seed  meal. 
Cotton-seed  hulls  or  hay. 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS  111 

Butter. 

To  Increase  Its  Quality  and  Quantity. 

Heat  a  quantity  of  good  deodorized  cooking  cotton-seed  oil  to  about 
blood  heat,  and  just  before  beginning  to  churn,  add  to  the  milk,  using  about 
one-third  of  a  teacupful  to  each  gallon  of  milk,  and  proceed  as  usual. 

Good  cooking  oil  can  be  bought  from  any  progressive  grocer  at  about 
sixty  cents  or  less  per  gallon,  which  is  about  eight  cents  per  pound. 

A  three-gallon  churning  of  rich  milk  will  take  about  half  a  pound  of 
oil.  It  will  hasten  the  coming  of  butter,  assist  in  its  better  collection,  im- 
prove the  quality  of  both  it  and  the  buttermilk,  and  being  returned  as  butter 
will  give  the  better  collection  of  the  butter  fat  an  increased  yield  slightly  in 
excess  of  the  weight  of  the  selling  price  of  the  butter  and  the  cost  price  of 
the  oil.  But  this  is  by  no  means  the  major  advantage  of  the  practice.  This 
is  to  be  found  in  the  decreased  time  and  labor  in  churning  and  in  the  im- 
proved flavor  and  softened  texture  of  the  butter  and  buttermilk. 


112 


FEEDING   FARM   ANIMALS 


Chapter  X. 


Cotton-Seed  Flour 


114  FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 

Cotton-Seed  Flour 

The  Sunny  South's  Substitute  for  Meat. 

UNTIL  recent  years  man  has  been  dependent  upon  corn,  rice,  wheat, 
oats,  buck-wheat  and  potatoes  for  the  division  of  food  nutrients  known 
as  carbohydrates  (starches  and  sugars  chiefly).  Turnips,  cabbage,  cauli- 
flower, lettuce,  spinach,  and  other  "vegetables"  have  furnished  a  part  of  carbo- 
hydrates called  fiber.  We  have  depended  upon  the  sheep,  the  ox,  and  the  hog 
for  both  protein  and  fat. 

Cotton-seed  oil  now  furnishes  the  world  with  a  large  per  cent,  of  fat, 
having  taken  the  place  of  tallow  and  lard  for  cooking  purposes  and  for 
butter. 

Cotton-seed  flour  being  rich  in  protein  like  lean  meat  may  take,  in  part 
at  least,  the  place  of  meat  without  doing  violence  to  a  balanced  ration  of 
protein,  fat  and  carbohydrates.  This  flour  is  easily  digested,  as  shown  from 
the  following  table  of  the  digestibility  of  food  nutrients  of  cotton-seed  flour, 
wheat  flour,  corn  meal  and  meat: 

Average  Digestibility  of  Food  Nutrients. 

Protein  Fat       Nitrogen-free 

Extract 

Cotton-seed  meal 88.4  93.3  60.6 

Corn   meal    67.9  92.1  94.6 

Wheat  flour   93-9  90.  99-1 

Meat   97-  98.  98. 

Cotton-seed  flour  contains  no  starch,  and  is  therefore  a  valuable  food  for 
diabetic  patients.  It  contains  half  as  much  fat  as  fresh  meats  and  does  not, 
therefore,  produce  as  much  animal  heat  as  meat.  This  is  a  point  worthy  of 
notice  in  hot  climates. 

Broadly  speaking,  the  nutritive  value  of  any  food  is  measured  by  the 
amount  of  protein,  fat  and  carbohydrates  contained  in  it.  The  most  valu- 
able of  these  is  protein,  the  nitrogen-containing  albumen-like  substance,  sim- 
ilar in  character  to  the  white  of  an  egg,  and  supplying  to  the  system  growth, 
development,  muscle,  bone  and  lean  meat.  Next  in  value  is  fat,  producing 
heat  and  energy  and  building  up  fat  in  the  body  but  making  no  muscle  or 
flesh.  Under  the  general  term  carbohydrates  is  classed  the  starch,  sugars  and 
fibers  present  in  all  foods,  forming  the  cheapest  and  most  abundant  of  food 
elements,  giving  some  heat  and  energy,  but  making  no  flesh,  bone,  or  musclfi 
and  in  general  estimates  of  food  value,  frequently  neglected. 


n 


FEEDING   FARM   ANIMALS  115 

Keeping  these  facts  in  mind  and  as  indicating  the  wonderfully  nutritive 
value  of  cotton-seed  flour,  the  following  tabulation  is  interesting  as  showing 
the 

PROTEIN  AND  FAT  CONTENTS 

of  some  Articles  of  Food  of  Every-Day  Consumption 

as  compared  with 

COTTON-SEED  FLOUR 

Protein  Fat  Total 

Allison's  cotton-seed  flour 53-90  7.17  61.07 

Patent  wheat   flour 10.68  1.05  1 1-73 

Graham  wheat  flour 12.44  i-90  H-34 

Corn  meal 9,17  1.77  12.94 

Lima   beans    (dried) 18.1  1.5  19.6 

Navy  beans    (dried) 22.5  1.8  24.3 

Cow  peas        (dried) 24.4  1.4  25.8 

Garden  peas  (dried) 24.6  i.o  25.6 

Irish  potatoes   2.2  i.o  3.2 

Sweet  potatoes   1.8  0.7  2.5 

Fresh   eggs    13.4  10.5  23.9 

Whole  milk    3.4  4.0  7.4 

Dried  figs   4.3  3.0  7.3 

Dried  prunes    2.1  0.0  2.1 

Raisins   2.6  2>-3,  5-9 

Lean  round  of  beef  as  bought 19,5  7.3  26.8 

Wheat    12.5  2.2  14.7 

Corn 9.9  2.8  12.7 

Oats  II. 8  5.0  16.8 

R'ce  7.4  0.4  7.8 

Rye   10.6  1.7  12.3 

Barley    12.4  1.8  14.2 

Meats  contain  from  15  to  23  per  cent,  protein,  averaging  about  17,  and 
the  edible  portions  as  sold  in  the  markets  from  6  to  10  per  cent,  fat,  aver- 
aging about  8.  Or  average  total  protein  and  fat  as  purchased,  about  25  per 
cent. 

It  will  be  seen  from  this  that  cotton-seed  flour  has  a  nutritive  value 
more  than  five  times  that  of  wheat  flour,  nearly  three  times  that  of  lean 
round  of  beef  as  bought  in  the  markets  and  from  three  to  thirty  times  that 
of  many  of  the  best  knoun  and  most  frequently  used  articles  of  food,  while 
its  every  day  use  by  many  of  our  home  people,  and  its  rapidly  increasing 
popularity  everyAvhere  fully  establish  its  delicious  flavor,  ease  of  digestion 
and  entire  healthfulness. 

Cotton-Seed  Flour  Should  be  Mixed  with  Wheat  Flour. 

Comparatively  speaking  wheat  flour  is  nearly  all  starch  and  cotton-seed 
flour  is  nearly  all  protein.  To  get  the  best  results,  therefore,  a  mixture  of 
these  flours  should  be  made  as  follows: 


116 


FEEDING   FARM   ANIMALS 


For  Yeast  Bread. 

By  weight 

Cotton-seed  flour i  part 

Wheat  flour i  part 

For  Biscuit  Bread. 

By  weight 

Cotton-seed  flour i   part 

Wheat  flour 2  parts 

For  Soft  Ginger  Bread. 

By  weight 

Cotton-seed  flour 3  parts 

Wheat  flour i  part 

For  Fruit  Cake. 

By  weight 

Cotton-seed  flour 4  parts 

Wheat  flour i  part 

Just  as  good  cotton  oil  is  the  best  and  purest  cooking  fat  on  the  earth, 
and  good  cotton-seed  flour  the  best  bread-making  material  the  world  has 
ever  known,  bad  cotton  oil  and  poor  cotton-seed  flour  are  the  very  worst  in 
the  world  for  these  purposes. 

Both  are  extremely  delicate  products  and  both  peculiarly  subject  to 
rapid  deterioration  and  injury,  and  for  this  reason  should  be  bought  only  of 
those  brands  well  known  for  unvarying  excellence,  and  in  such  quantities  as 
will  admit  of  quick  consumption,  and  in  any  event  should  be  handled  with 
extreme  care. 

There  are  many  grades  being  offered,  some  are  good,  and  sifted  cotton- 
seed meal  is  no  more  cotton-seed  flour  than  wheat  bran  is  wheat  flour.  There 
is  one  way  to  avoid  disappointment  in  cotton-seed  flour,  do  not  allow  the 
bad  to  prejudice  you  against  it  all. 

Buy  only  the  best. 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS  117 


"ST.  PATRICK'S  CHURCH 

Dallas,  Texas,  July  14,  igio. 

Jo  W.  Allison, 

Dear  Sir  and  Friend : — /  knoiv  you  will  be  pleased  to  hear  of  my  continued 
good  health  since  leaving  St.  Paul's  Sanitarium  over  two  months  ago.  My  health 
not  only  remains  good,  but,  thank  God,  it  is  constantly  improving.  I  feel  better 
and  stronger  than  I  have  at  any  time  in  the  past  five  years. 

After  our  Heavenly  Father  I  feel  I  owe  my  present  good  health  to  the  care 
and  intelligent  attention  I  received  from  Dr.  W .  C.  Swain  and  from  the  truly 
wonderful  effects  of  your  cotton-seed  flour  bread.  Dr.  Swain,  judging  from  the 
effects  in  my  case,  agrees  uith  me  that  it  is  most  wholesome  and  nutritious  and 
makes  an  ide^l  food  for  those  who  suffer  from  kidney  trouble. 

As  you  well  know,  I  am  no  M.  D.,  and  know  but  little  of  that  very  necessary 
science,  yet  I  will  try  in  my  own  way  to  tell  you  of  the  benefits  I  received  from 
the  use  of  the  cotton-seed  flour  bread  and  the  way  it  acted  upon  my  system. 

It  is  now  five  months  since  I  began  this  bread.  At  that  time  everybody  had 
given  me  up.  My  body  icas  badly  swollen  with  dropsy.  I  could  not  lie  in  bed,  and 
to  breathe  was  difficult.  Then  it  was  that  Mrs.  Dan  McCarty  sent  me  the  loaf 
of  cotton-seed  flour  bread.  As  is  usually  the  case  in  this  terrible  disease  my 
bowels  could  be  kept  open  only  by  using  the  most  powerful  and  certainly  the  most 
disagreeable  of  medicines  every  night. 

The  first  thing  I  noticed  about  this  new  bread  was  that  it  was  very  agreeable 
to  the  palate.  Again  it  crumbles  in  the  mouth  when  masticated ;  thus  enabling 
the  gastric  juices  to  pervade  every  particle  of  the  food  when  it  enters  the  stomach. 
But  best  of  all  on  account  of  the  high  percentage  of  oil  it  contains,  it  helped  greatly 
to  relieve  the  constipated  condition  of  the  bowels — to  such  an  extent  that  a  strong 
laxative  was  necessary  only  every  third  or  fourth  night.  I  believe  that  of  all  the 
food  I  have  taken  in  the  past  five  months  I  received  more  nourishment — certainly 
to  me  more  pleasure — from  your  cotton-seed  flour  bread  than  all  the  other  food 
stuff  I  am  permitted  by  my  diet. 

My  dear  friend,  if  I  can  in  any  way  help  you  to  place  this  great  blessing 
before  those  especially  ivho  are  suffering  from  Bright's  disease  in  its  many  and 
terrible  forms,  you  have  but  to  command  me.  In  a  few  weeks  I  expect  to  pay  you 
a  visit  and  will  let  you  know  why  you  have  not  heard  from  me  before  this. 

Hoping  God  will  bless  you  and  yours,  I  am 

Yours  in  Christ, 

Father  Mulloy." 


118  FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 

Fat 

Vegetable  Oils  (Fat)  vs.  Animal  Fats. 

In  this  age  of  dyspeptics  we  are  constantly  trying  to  find  food  that  can  be 
easily  digested.  The  digestibility  of  cotton  oil  as  compared  with  other  fats  is 
shown  by  the  following  table  prepared  by  Prof.  Moore  of  the  University  of 
Arkansas: 

Refined  Cotton-seed  Oil 93-37% 

Pure  Olive  Oil 88.81% 

Home-made  Lard    (soft) 88.78% 

Peanut  Oil 85.87% 

Home-made  Lard    (hard) 73.88% 

Beef  Suet   73.66% 

A  Study  of  these  figures  will  be  of  interest  to  dyspeptics  and  those  who 
suffer  with  poor  digestion  in  explaining  why  food  cooked  with  cotton-seed 
oil  is  more  healthful  and  less  likely  to  cause  discomfort  than  that  cooked 
with  any  other  fat. 

From  the  same  high  and  unprejudiced  authority  we  have  the  following 
table  showing  the  great  economy  in  the  use  of  cotton-seed  oil  and  its  com- 
pounds, as  compared  with  other  cooking  fats: 

Cost  per 

Calorie  or 

Selling  Price  Heat  Unit 

Butter    30  per  Pound  8.09c 

Olive  Oil $2.50  per  Gallon  8.08c 

Oleomargarine 15  per  Pound  4-25C 

Hogs'  Lard 10  per  Pound  2.37c 

Lard  Compound...      .08  per  Pound  1.89c 

Cotton-seed  Oil 50  per  Gallon  i-57c 

Cotton-seed  Oil 40  per  Gallon  i-37c 

A  calorie  is  the  unit  of  heat  employed  in  calorimetry  and  this  tabulation 
shows  that  with  cotton-seed  oil  at  fifty  cents  per  gallon,  which  is  about  its 
usual  retail  price,  butter  at  thirty  cents  per  pound  and  olive  oil  at  two  dol- 
lars and  a  half  per  gallon  costs  over  five  times  as  much  as  oleomargarine  at 
fifteen  cents  per  pound,  about  three  times  as  much  as  hog's  lard  at  ten  cents 
per  pound,  about  fifty  cents  more  than  lard  compound,  which  is  made  of 
cotton-seed  oil  and  beef  suet,  about  one-fourth  more,  and  this  with  all  the 
advantages  of  cleanliness,  purity,  wholesomeness  and  ease  of  digestion  in 
favor  of  the  cotton-seed  oil. 

The  Modern  Use  of  Vegetable  Fat  in  Man's  Daily  Economy. 

Ever  since  the  dawn  of  civilization,  man  has  been  in  need  of  fats  or 
greases,  both  as  a  food  and  as  an  article  of  industry.  During  the  long  per- 
iods that  preceded  man's  different  civilization,  animal  life  alone  supplied 
him  with  these  needed  articles;  in  the  strangely  remote  time  preceding  and 
following  the  Stone  Age,  the  needed  fats  were  entirely  derived  from  the  pro- 
duce of  his  hunt.  During  man's  nomadic  condition,  as  a  herder,  sheep  and 
cattle  furnished  him  the  fats  that  supplied  his  daily  needs. 

Later,  much  later,  in  the  cycle  of  ages,  as  a  tiller  of  the  soil,  in  the 
sunny  and  warm  climate  of  North  Africa,  man  learns  how  to  extract  the  oily 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS  119 

matter  from  plants.  Olive  oil  is  probably  the  oldest  of  the  vegetable  oils 
used  by  him  and  enters  in  his  daily  economy  side  by  side  with  the  sheep  tal- 
low of  his  flocks.  The  Roman  civilization  uses  olive  oil  almost  exclusively, 
for  all  culinary  necessities — and  even  to-day  the  use  of  lard  has  never  taken 
its  place.  Olive  oil  is  still  used  for  all  purposes  not  only  in  Italy,  but  in 
Spain,  and  in  the  Southern  part  of  France,  even  to  the  extent  of  taking  the 
place  of  butter  on  the  peasant's  table. 

The  principal  reasons  that  explain  the  almost  exclusive  use  in  more 
northern  climates  of  butter  and  lard,  is  the  solid  consistency  of  these  fats,  and 
the  fact  that  vegetation  did  not  produce  any  palatable  oil-bearing  plants. 
Chemically  speaking,  this  solid  condition  is  explained  by  the  prevalence  of 
the  solid  stearine  over  the  liquid  oleine,  as  is  made  clear  by  the  following 
facts : 

Stearine  is  the  hardest  of  the  common  simple  fats  and  melts  at  a  tempera- 
ture of  160  degrees  F. 

Palmitine,  also  a  solid,  melts  at  124  degrees  F. 

Oleixe  is  a  liquid,  and  solidifies  at  25  degrees  below  freezing. 

Lard  and  tallow  are  mixtures  of  the  three  fats,  palmitine,  stearine  and  oleine. 

Olive  oil,  cotton-seed  oil,  and  other  vegetable  fats  consist  chiefly  of  oleine. 

By  heating  lard  to  its  melting  point,  cooling  and  filtering,  the  liquid 
obtained,  known  as  lard  oil,  consists  mainly  of  oleine,  the  harder  residue  is 
sometimes  called  stearine  and  has  the  consistency  of  butter.  Beef  suet,  sub- 
jected to  the  same  treatment,  gives  as  solid  residue,  beef  stearine,  the  soft 
portion  being  known  as  oleo  oil.  Oleo  oil  is  the  material  often  employed 
under  the  name  of  oleo  margarine,  as  a  substitute  for  butter. 

Butter,  the  fat  of  milk,  contains  essentially  oleine,  stearine,  palmitine, 
with  a  little  butyrin,  to  which  its  odor  and  flavor  is  largely  due,  the  melting 
point  of  butter  is  between  100  and  130  degrees  F.  Commercial  butter  con- 
tains in  the  mean:  fat,  85  per  cent.;  water,  12  per  cent;  salt,  3  per  cent. 

It  is  thus  seen  that  the  chief  difference  between  these  several  fats  is  the 
melting  point,  that  regulates  their  liquid,  semi-solid  or  solid  condition  dur- 
ing our  average  summer  temperature.  Every  one  of  these  fats  has  practically 
the  same  fuel  value  and  the  same  nutritive  value.  Their  flavor  could  be 
established  in  imitation  of  the  older  edible  fats,  or  left  to  time  to  create  a 
new  standard  of  taste.  The  following  table  gives  a  means  of  comparing  the 
different  fats: 

Palmitic  acid   9,300  small  calories 

Stearic  acid    9,400  "  " 

Fats  average    9.400  "  " 

Butter  fat    9, 300  "  " 

Cane  Sugar    4,000  "  " 

Starch     4,200  "  " 

Egg  Albumin    4,000  "  " 

Both  in  the  case  of  butter  and  in  the  case  of  lard,  the  most  advanced 
means  of  production  have  reached  this  anomalous  condition,  where  man  pro- 
duces a  food  from  the  vegetable  world,  rich  in  fat  and  protein,  feeds  it  to 
animals  to  be  again  transformed  in  their  bodies  into  meat  and  fat.  The 
science  of  feeding  has  become  an  exact  science  and  if  the  bodv  of  the  animal 
is  still  used  as  a  chemical  laboratory,  it  is  because  science  can  not  replace  this 
four-legged  industrial  plant  in  producing  the  meat  necessary  to  our  consump- 


120  FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 

tion.  The  same  can  not  be  said,  however,  of  our  fats.  The  only  transfor- 
mation that  takes  place  in  the  chemistry  of  life,  in  the  case  of  fats,  is  the 
transformation  of  oleine  into  stearine,  from  a  liquid  fat  to  a  solid  fat,  with 
all  the  disadvantages  of  dirt,  uncleanliness  and  the  danger  of  diseases  in- 
herent to  animal  life.  The  word  butter  or  lard  represents  a  standard,  im- 
pressed upon  the  human  mind  by  thousands  of  years  of  daily  use.  Scientifi- 
cally speaking,  this  standard  is  entirely  artificial  and  a  matter  of  taste  or 
habit.  We  can  easily  conceive  that  a  new  generation,  brought  up  in  a  scien- 
tific age,  will  regard  with  wonder  and  disgust  the  consumption  of  fat,  by 
their  forefathers,  extracted  from  the  teats  of  a  cow,  or  the  belly  of  a  hog, 
and  prefer  the  scrupulously  clean  product  of  our  modern  industry,  free  of 
all  danger  of  uncleanliness  and  disease. 

Quoting  from  Lewkowitsch,  Chemical  Technology  of  Oils  and  Plants: 

"From  a  sanitary  point  of  view,  no  objection  can  be  raised  to  the  substitution 
of  cheaper  animal  or  vegetable  fats  for  the  more  expensive  ones  as  long  as  their 
substitutes  are  sold  under  their  proper  name  and  not  used  for  fraudulent  pur- 
poses." 

It  is  rather  to  be  desired  that  the  industry  of  plant  substitute  should 
extend  further,  yielding  as  it  does  cheap,  palatable  foodstufif,  thereby  tend- 
ing to  exclude  from  consumption  the  unwholesome  fats  from  diseased 
animals,  or  at  least  fats  which  are  prepared  under  conditions  that  do  not 
satisfy  the  most  rigorous  demands  as  regards  cleanliness. 

The  enormous  strides  w^hich  this  industry  has  made  during  the  last  few 
years  has  shown  that  the  popular  prejudice  which  at  first  militated  against 
the  legitimate  expansion  of  this  trade  has  been  overcome.  Nay,  the  excel- 
lence of  the  product  has  even  reacted  favorably  on  the  antiquated  methods 
of  producing  lard  and  butter  and  has  helped  to  introduce  much  needed  im- 
provement on   the   preparation  of  these  foodstuffs. 

The  quality  of  an  edible  fat,  irrespective  of  the  nature  of  its  compon- 
ents, depends  in  a  great  measure,  if  not  solely,  on  its  palatableness.  The 
question  of  the  digestibility  of  edible  fats  has  been  studied  by  A.  Meyer,  A. 
Jolle,  J.  Konig,  Luhring,  and  Lefifman,  and  shows  practically  a  concensus  of 
opinion  that  all  fats  have  the  same  nutritive  value.  The  problem  of  trans- 
forming oleines  into  stearines  has  been  partially  solved  today  by  science,  and 
under  the  name  of  Crisco  and  Crusto,  and  others  still  to  come  a  solid  pro- 
duct is  obtained  from  our  tremendous  cotton-seed  oils  supply,  and  which 
still  further  improved  will  in  a  few  years  largely  take  the  place  of  our  un- 
clean and  antiquated  butter  and  lard.  Derived  from  the  vegetable  world, 
made  under  all  guarantees  of  cleanliness,  and  free  from  all  contamination, 
they  are  undoubtedly  entering  little  by  little  into  our  daily  use.  A  new  gen- 
eration, accustomed  from  its  tender  age,  to  the  use  of  these  fats,  will,  as  we 
said  before,  hardly  be  able  to  believe  that  there  was  time  when  the  cow  and 
the  hog  were  the  main  sources  of  our  edible  fats. 

Amongst  the  vegetable  oils  cotton-seed  oil  and  cotton-seed  stearine  take 
the  most  prominent  place.  The  best  grade  of  cotton-seed  oil,  devoid  of  free 
fatty  acid  and  practicallv  free  of  the  peculiar  flavor  characteristic  of  the  oil 
is  known  under  the  name  of  ''butter  oil."  From  a  hygienic,  practical  and 
economical  point  of  view,  a  vegetable  fat  is  undoubtedly  a  superior  article. 


FEEDING   FARM   ANIMALS  121 

if  compared  to  animal  fat.  As  said  before,  our  Northern  countries  are  la- 
boring under  artificial  standards  of  edible  fats,  impressed  upon  us  by  habit 
and  routine. 

Better  understanding  of  food  chemistry — the  teaching  of  domestic 
science  amongst  new  generations — combined  with  general  broadening  of  our 
views  will  undoubtedly  soon  modify  time-honored,  but  antiquated  ideas,  and 
our  next  generation  will  not  run  a  clean  vegetable  fat  through  the  belly  of 
a  hog  before  canning  it  for  consumption. 

Digestion  of  Food 

Up  to  a  few  years  ago,  to  use  the  words  of  E.  Fisher,  "Physiologists 
were  in  the  position  of  unskilled  laborers,  who  saw  loads  of  building 
material  dumped,  but  who  did  not  know  for  what  particular  purpose  each 
individual  substance  was  used." 

Digestion  is  the  process  which  the  food  undergoes,  under  the  influence 
of  ferment  present  in  the  gastro-intestinal  tract,  preparatory  to  its  utilization 
by  the  body. 

Food  can  roughly  be  classified  under  the  heading  of  protein,  fats,  carbo- 
hydrates and  ash.     They  are  assimilated  in  the  body  as  follows: 

Acting  Enzyme  Where  Found 

PROTEIN    Pepsin    Gastric  juice. 

Trypsin    Pancreatic  juice. 

Erepsin    Small  intestine. 

FATS    Lipase    Pancreatic  juice,  and  cer- 
tain tissues. 
CARBOHYDRATES    .  Ptyalin    Saliva. 

Diastase    Pancreatic  juice. 

Maltase Small  intestine. 

Invertase    Small  intestine. 

Cannon,  by  feeding  with  food  impregnated  with  bismuth  salts,  and  using 
X-ray,  shows  that  carbohydrates  leave  the  stomach  most  rapidly,  then  the 
protein,  and  finally  the  fats. 

Two  factors  enter  preventing  rapid  emptying  of  the  stomach. 

First,  presence  of  fat;  second,  excessive  acid  secretion  engendered  by 
abundant  protein. 

Protein 

Protein  is  a  group  of  food  material  containing  nitrogen.  They  are  the 
flesh  or  muscle  formers,  also  furnish  material  for  composition  of  blood,  hair, 
horn,  wool,  etc.  Proteins  are  indispensable  to  existence,  they  split  into  amido 
acids  and  are  eliminated  through  the  kidneys  and  urine.  Some  of  these  excre- 
tive products,  belonging  to  the  purin  and  xanthine  group,  can  be  highly 
poisonous.  If  formed  in  excessive  amount  over  what  the  liver  and  kidneys 
can  take  care  of,  they  are  taken  up  by  the  organism,  producing  poisoning 
symptoms  and  death.  Fermentation  within  the  intestinal  tract  gives  rise  to 
similar  product  distinctly  toxic.  The  body  tends  to  adjust  its  protein  kata- 
bolism  to  its  protein  supply.  When  the  body  is  accustomed  to  a  certain  ration 
of  protein  katabolism,  it  requires  an  appreciable  length  of  time  to  adjust  itself 
to  a  higher  or  lower  ration. 


122  FEEDING        FARMANIMALS 

Fats 

Fats,  if  in  fine  emulsion  or  greatly  subdivided,  as  found  in  cotton-seed 
meal,  can  be  decomposed  by  the  stomach  and  are  dealt  with  by  the  pepsin 
and  the  gastro-lipase.  In  the  small  intestine,  lipase  and  zymogen  ferments 
convert  fats,  by  hydrolysis  into  fatty  acids  and  glycerine,  bile  salts  acting  as  a 
solvent,  although  bile  should  be  reallv  looked  upon,  rather  as  the  excretive 
result  of  hepatic  metabolism,  than  a  digestive  juice;  85  per  cent,  of  the 
protein,  and  all  the  assimilated  fat,  disappears  before  the  small  end  of  the 
lower  intestine  is  reached.  Carbohydrates  and  fats  are  ultimately  converted 
into  carbonic  acid  gas  and  excreted  mainly  through  the  lungs,  while  the  nitro- 
gen waste  products  from  the  metabolism  of  proteins  are  excreted  through  the 
urine.  Every  animal  has  the  possibility  to  store  in  his  tissue  an  excess  of  food 
stuff  to  be  called  upon  on  special  occasions.  Snakes  supply  the  amount  of 
food,  necessary  to  sustain  life,  in  large  quantities  and  at  periods  far  apart, 
eating  sometimes  their  own  weight  of  animal  matter.  Bears  accumulate  fat 
during  the  fruit  and  nut  season,  using  this  excess  during  their  long  winter's 
sleep.  Often  the  adipose  layer  is  used  by  nature  as  a  protective  layer — this 
is  especially  seen  in  aquatic  animals,  whales,  seals,  and  ducks — where  the  fat 
is  consumed  in  large  quantity  as  a  heat  produce.r  to  maintain  the  normal 
body  temperature  in  the  presence  of  a  cooling  medium. 

The  possibility  to  withstand  prolonged  fast  is  directly  proportional 
to  the  animal's  power  to  store  excess  of  food  stuffs.  This  property  is  espe- 
cially found  among  the  carnivorous  and  omnivorous  animals  and  increased 
by  nature  in  view  of  the  uncertainty  of  the  food  supply  of  these  animals. 
This  stored  energy  is  generally  in  the  shape  of  fat.  This  normal  and  heredi- 
tary tendency  has  been  used  by  man,  and  through  careful  breeding  developed 
to  its  utmost  in  some  of  our  swine  breeds — the  Berkshire  and  Poland  China 
for  instance. 

Carbohydrates 

The  Carbohydrates  include  the  simple  sugars,  and  all  the  complex  sub- 
stances, dextrin,  starch,  etc.,  which  by  hydrolysis  can  be  resolved  into  simple 
sugars.  They  are  first  acted  upon  by  the  saliva  and  then  by  the  pancreatic 
secretion.  The  bulk  of  carbohydrates  of  the  food,  having  been  converted 
into  monosaccharides  in  the  intestines  is  taken  up  by  the  capillary  blood 
vessels  of  the  intestinal  wall,  into  the  circulation,  and  the  excess,  temporarily 
stored  away  in  the  liver  under  the  form  of  glycogen,  later  passing  into  the 
blood  as  glucose,  to  be  oxidized  in  the  muscles  and  furnish  energy  which 
appears  as  external  or  internal  work.  Ultimately  the  carbohydrates  are 
eliminated  as  carbon  dioxyde  through  the  lungs.  Carbohydrates  are  therefore 
the  heat  and  energy-producing  food  by  excellence,  the  coal  that  the  animal 
engine  burns — adding  but  little  to  the  make-up  of  the  machine  itself,  and 
only  if  supplied  in  excess  of  the  needs  of  the  body  and  accumulated  in  the 
liver  and  muscle  does  this  surplus  of  carboh^^drates  tend  to  be  converted  into 
fat  and  stored  in  the  tissue  as  such. 

Ash 

The  body  of  the  animal  is  composed  of  4%  of  mineral  matter  which 
must  be  derived  from  its  food  supplv.  As  a  matter  of  course,  the  largest 
demand  on  mineral  matter  must  necessarily  be  during  the  animal's  growing 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS  123 

period.  Generally  speaking  the  needed  mineral  matter  is  amply  supplied  by 
the  average  feeding  material  and  is  not  considered  as  a  problem  in  our  study 
of  alimentation.  The  question  deserves,  however,  much  closer  attention 
since  the  so-called  inorganic  elements  not  only  take  part  as  a  constituent  of 
the  animal  skeleton,  but  are  a  necessary  element  of  the  protoplasma  of 
active  tissues,  a  part  of  the  fluid  of  the  body  and  before  all  the  needed 
material  governing  the  acidity  or  alkalinity  of  our  digestive  juices  and  other 
secretions,  maintaining  the  solvent  power  and  neutrality  of  all  body  fluids. 
Mineral  matter  necessary  to  the  growth  and  maintenance  of  the  animal  body 
is  mostly  all  introduced  as  complex  organic  compound  obtained  from  the 
low^er  form  of  vegetable  or  animal  life,  the  higher  mammals  not  being  able 
to  assimilate  directly  the  mineral  bases.  This  fact  is  well  illustrated  by  the 
frequent  observation  of  a  disease  commonly  known  on  our  western  plains  as 
"The  Creeps,"  scientifically  as  Osteomalacia  and  due  to  the  deficiency 
of  lime  salts  in  foods.  The  western  plains  are  all  a  lime  formation,  lime- 
stone abundant.  The  only  water  available  to  cattle  is  hard  water,  often  con- 
taining its  maximum  of  lime  salts,  and  still  with  all  this  tremendous  inor- 
ganic supply  of  lime,  the  animals  sufifer  of  a  lack  of  this  substance  and  it 
becomes  a  matter  of  necessity  to  supply  the  needed  amount  of  an  organic 
lime  compound  by  artificial  feeding  of  calcium-containing  food  material. 
Cotton-seed  meal  with  an  ash  content  of  7.2%  mostly  lime  has  given  the  best 
results  in  the  treatment  of  this  disease,  and  not  the  rather  ludicrous  formula 
preconized  by  some  food  expert,  consisting  of  cement  blocks  as  a  "lick"  for 
the  suffering  cattle.  Apparently  there  should  be  more  attention  given  to  the 
choice  of  such  food  as  will  increase  the  calcium  contents  of  the  dietary. 

Man  or  animal  cannot  subsist  and  remain  in  health  on  a  single  diet. 
The  body  requires  a  certain  ration  between  proteins,  fats,  carbohydrates  and 
mineral  salts.     This  ration  is  generallv  expressed  by  the  following  formula: 

ivT  r.     •  Protein  ,  i      .        .,, 

JNutritive  Ratio  =— ~ — ; — , — ; =  about m  milk 

rat  X  2.5  +  Carbohydrates  4-3 

Carbohydrates  are  valuable  food,  still  man  or  animal  could  not  subsist 
on  sugar  alone.  The  feeling  of  repulsion  and  nausea  with  subsequent  disease 
and  death  following  a  single  diet  are  wtU  known  in  everyday  life. 
The  above  is  eminently  true  in  the  abnormal  conditions  in  the  intensive  feed- 
ing of  farm  animals  for  the  rapid  production  of  meats,  fats  or  growth. 

Growth  in  animal  takes  place  at  a  rate  fixed  by  the  species  and  individu- 
ality and  cannot  be  materially  stimulated  by  a  larger  supply  of  protein  in  the 
food.  Fattening,  on  the  other  hand,  is  dependent  on  the  total  amount 
of  food  consumed  in  excess  of  that  required  for  maintenance.  It  is  brought 
about  more  easily  at  mature  age,  partially  because  less  of  the  food  is 
demanded  for  growth,  partially  because  the  older  animals  consume  less  in 
muscular  activity.  The  fattening  ration  then,  for  an  animal  at  a  given  age, 
must  contain  more  fat  and  less  protein  than  a  growing  ration.  The  main- 
tenance requirement  of  the  animal  must  first  be  satisfied  before  any  gain  can 
be  produced.  The  more  feed  an  animal  can  be  induced  to  consume  in  excess 
oi  its  maintenance  ration,  the  more  rapid  will  be  the  gain  and  the  more 


124  FEEDING   FARM   ANIMALS 

cheaply  it  will  be  produced.  It  is  only  by  the  use  of  concentrated  food  that 
it  is  possible  for  the  animal  to  consume  the  large  amount  of  food  required  to 
produce  a  rapid  gain.  The  excess  of  food  is  stored  away  by  the  organism 
mostly  as  fat,  its  gain  being  obtained  at  the  expense  of  both  protein  and 
fat.  "The  carbohydrates  in  the  light  of  modern  physiology  acting  as  protect- 
ing the  fats  of  the  body  from  oxidation." — Long's  Physiological  Chemistry. 

Fats  in  the  body  constitute  a  reserve  material  in  which  potential  energy 
is  conveniently  stored  up.  In  sickness,  disease,  or  famine  the  fat  is  called 
upon  to  supply  the  needs  of  the  body. 

In  the  scheme  of  nature,  each  species  is  given  a  certain  degree  of  plas- 
ticity by  virtue  of  which  it  adapts  itself  to  a  new  environment  when  the  old 
one  changes.  The  whole  truth  of  the  evolution  of  species  in  nature  is 
founded  on  this  law.  Species  differ  in  the  degree  of  plasticity  but 
every  species  and  every  individual  of  each  species  has  it  to  some  degree. 
If  the  environment  changes  faster  than  the  species,  then  in  nature  it  dies  out. 


Chapter  XI. 


Fertilizer 


126 


FEEDING        FARM       ANIMALS 


Fertilizer 

THE  three  substances  that  are  most  frequently  lacking  in  soils,  and  the 
ones  that  are  most  abundantly  taken  from  them  by  plants,  are  nitrogen, 
phosphoric  acid  and  potash.  Of  these,  nitroyen  is  the  most  expensive,  is 
used  in  larger  quantities  in  plant  growth,  and  loses  more  rapidly  by  evap- 
oration; but  the  careful  farmer,  by  planting  and  turning  under  leguminous 
crops,  such  as  peas,  beans,  clover,  alfalfa,  vetch,  etc.,  on  certain  parts  of  his 
land  each  year  so  that  in  a  few  years  all  of  his  land  will  be  benefitted  by  this 
treatment,  can  draw  from  the  vast  supply  of  nitrogen  in  the  atmosphere  an 
ample  supply  of  this  costly  and  positively  essential  mineral  fertilizer,  as 
bacteria  that  grow  upon  the  roots  of  these  special  plants  convert  the  atmo- 
spheric nitrogen  into  nitrates  that  are  soluble  in  water  and  immediately  useful 
as  plant  food.  The  growing  and  turning  under  of  these  crops  supplies  an 
abundance  of  decaying  vegetable  matter,  which  is  absolutely  essential  to 
profitable  plant  growth. 

Phosphorus  is  next  in  importance,  and,  while  not  used  in  such  large 
quantities,  is  absolutely  essential.  The  sources  of  supply  are  limited,  and  the 
farm  or  home  supply  must  come  largely  from  animal  manures,  liquid  as  well 
as  solid,  and  from  w^hat  is  contained  in  vegetable  matter,  dry  or  green,  that 
is  plow^ed  into  the  soil.  It  is,  therefore,  of  the  utmost  importance  that  a  very 
large  part  of  everything  raised  upon  the  farm  should  be  fed  upon  the  farm, 
and  all  manures  saved  and  returned  t(5  the  land.  Commercial  phosphorus, 
as  a  rule,  is  purchased  in  the  shape  of  acid  phosphate,  or  in  finely-pulverized 
high-grade  phosphate  rock. 

Potash  is  equally  essential  to  successful  plant  growth,  but  as  a  rule  is 
more  abundant  in  the  average  soil  than  the  other  two  elements  mentioned. 
If,  after  using  all  animal  manures  and  ashes,  potash  is  still  lacking,  it  can 
be  purchased  in  the  shape  of  kainit,  sulphate  and  muriate  of  potash.  The 
needs  of  soils  can  be  determined  in  a  fairly  practical  way  by  watching  the 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


127 


growth  of  plants.  Nitrogen  makes  deep,  green,  vigorous  growth  of  leaf  and 
stalk,  while  phosphoric  acid  and  potash  are  directly  concerned  in  perfecting 
the  fruit. 

Soil  deficient  in  nitrogen  is  nearly  always  short  in  its  supply  of  phos- 
phoric acid,  and  it  is  generally  desirable,  under  such  circumstances,  to  use  a 
fertilizer  containing  both  nitrogen  and  phosphoric  acid.  For  cotton,  a 
mixture  of  two  hundred  pounds  of  cotton-seed  meal  and  two  hundred  pounds 
of  acid  phosphate  applied  between  the  rows  and  harrowed  in,  generally  gets 
good  results,  and  a  mixture  of  two  hundred  pounds  of  meal  to  one  hundred 
pounds  of  acid  phosphate  and  fifty  to  one  hundred  pounds  of  kainit  applied  in 
the  same  way  per  acre  is  suitable  for  corn. 

As  a  rule,  the  sandy  and  lighter  soils,  and  the  black  lands  where  an 
abundance  of  vegetable  matter  and  a  fair  amount  of  stable  manure  have  been 
turned  under,  give  better  results  from  the  use  of  commercial  fertilizers  than 
do  the  compact  and  sticky  black  lands.  This  indicates  very  clearly  that  on 
the  best  black  lands  more  stable  manure  should  be  used,  and  more  green  or 
dry  cover  crops  should  be  turned  under,  so  as  to  make  the  land  more  porous 
and  friable,  easier  to  cultivate  and  more  susceptible  to  the  beneficial  effects  of 
mineral  fertilizers,  but  we  cannot  too  strongly  emphasize  the  fact  that  much 
the  best  fertilizing  material  that  one  can  possibly  use  is  well-rotted  stable 
manure. 

The  only  difficulty  is  to  get  enough  of  it:  even  after  raking  up  every- 
thing that  can  be  found  in  the  line  of  manure,  including  what  there  is  in  the 
lots,  pig  pens,  chicken  houses,  kitchen  yards,  toilets  and  closets,  in  fact, 
after  saving  every  pound  of  manure  of  every  kind,  liquid  and  solid,  and  all 
rough  stuff,  straw,  stalks,  etc.,  there  is  still  but  a  small  quantity  in  compari- 
son with  what  is  needed  and  could  be  profitably  used.  Remember  that 
evefy  pound  of  so-called  waste  should  be  spread  upon  the  land  at  the 
earliest  possible  date  after  it  appears,  as  the  sooner  it  is  plowed  or  harrowed 
into  the  ground  the  less  loss  there  will  be  from  evaporation  by  the  sun  and 


128  FEEDING   FARM   ANIMALS 


% 


^«U_z*i;^I^J 


washing  by  the  rains.  Another  advantage  of  this  method  of  utilizing  all  of 
the  waste  about  the  place  will  be  that  the  premises  will  be  kept  sweet  and 
clean,  thus  adding  to  the  health  and  comfort  of  the  family. 

As  it  is  not  always  convenient  and  profitable  to  haul  out  small  quantities 
of  manure,  it  is  a  good  idea  to  start  a  compost  heap  in  a  vacant  stall 
or  shed  that  will  act  as  a  storehouse  in  which  to  accumulate  and  compound 
manure  all  through  the  season.  After  there  has  accumulated  in  this 
way  enough  manure,  straw,  stalks,  trash,  etc.,  to  be  about  ten  inches  deep,  it 
would  be  a  good  idea  to  spread  over  the  manure,  say,  one  hundred  pounds  of 
high-grade,  finely-ground  phosphate  rock  or  one  hundred  pounds  of  acid 
phosphate,  if  the  first  is  not  easily  obtainable;  then  add  as  it  is  accumulated, 
another  layer  of  manure  and  waste  of  various  kinds  eight  or  ten  inches  deep 
over  this  heap;  then  spread  a  layer  of  three  hundred  pounds  of  cotton-seed 
or  two  hundred  pounds  of  cotton-seed  meal,  remembering  to  keep  the 
heap  moist  all  the  time  by  occasionally  wetting  it.  Continue  this  process  in 
about  the  proportions  named  until  the  compost  heap  is  five,  six  or  seven 
feet  high,  drawing  in  the  sides  by  degrees  until  the  top  of  the  pile  is  about 
one-third  as  wide  and  broad  as  the  bottom;  then  cover  the  whole  with  soil 
two  or  three  inches  deep. 

At  any  time  after  this  compost  heap  has  been  finished  for  a  month  and 
there  is  a  dry  spell,  so  that  it  is  safe  to  go  over  the  land  with  a  wagon,  haul 
out  this  compost,  putting  from  five  to  ten  loads  to  the  acre,  thoroughly  mixing 
it  with  the  soil,  either  by  using  a  disc  harrow  or  plowing  it  under  and  harrow- 
ing the  land  afterward.  As  soon  as  this  heap  has  been  spread  upon  the  land, 
the  same  stall  is  ready  for  whatever  waste  may  be  accumulating  on  the 
premises  to  start  another  compost  heap  after  the  order  of  the  first. 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


129 


It  would  pay  handsomely  to  use  one  or  more  tons  per  acre  of  ground 
white  rock  broadcast  upon  the  land,  if  it  can  be  bought  and  distributed  for 
less  than  $5  a  ton. 

In  the  meantime,  do  not  miss  an  opportunity  to  bring  back  a  load 
of  stable  manure,  ashes  or  other  fertilizing  matter  that  may  be  given  away  or 
that  can  be  bought  cheaply  in  the  village  or  town  where  the  farmer  goes  to 
sell  a  load  of  produce.  Aim  as  nearly  as  possible  to  keep  all  the  cultivatable 
land  busy  growing  some  kind  of  a  crop — cow-peas,  vetch,  rye,  oats  or  some 
other  cover  crop — -to  be  turned  under  as  a  wonderfully  valuable  fertilizer 
when  the  land  is  plowed  for  the  crop  that  is  to  follow. 

If  it  is  not  possible  to  fertilize  the  land  as  desired,  in  time  for  the  com- 
ing crop  by  any  of  the  methods  mentioned  above,  we  suggest  the  purchase, 
in  moderate  quantities,  of  the  best  commercial  fertilizers  that  are  recom- 
mended for  the  special  crops  that  one  intends  to  grow,  by  reliable  manu- 
facturers or  dealers  who  have  them  for  sale.  Use  them  in  moderation  and 
watch  results  very  carefully,  and  compare  the  benefits  with  the  extra  cost  for 
future  information. 

An  old  English  proverb  says:  "No  grass,  no  cattle;  no  cattle,  no  manure; 
no  manure,  no  crops." 

Remember  that  if  the  land  contains  a  properly  balanced  fertilizing 
ration  and  has  been  thoroughly  and  constantly  cultivated,  so  as  to  make  this 
plant  food  available  and  thus  keep  the  crop  growing  uninterruptedly  from 
start  to  finish,  it  will  greatly  increase  the  grain  yields  and  their  quality,  won- 
derfully increase  the  cotton  yields,  the  length  and  strength  of  the  staple 
(which  has  markedly  deteriorated  on  account  of  poor  seed,  bad  cultural 
methods  and  the  poisonous  habit  of  growing  the  same  or  a  kindred  crop  on 
a  given  tract  of  land  year  after  year),  and  add  millions  of  dollars  to  the  value 
of  all  these  crops. — Texas  Industrial  Congress,  Dallas,  Texas,  Bui.  No.  3, 
Agricultural  Correspondence  Series. 


130  FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 

"The  animal  food  content  of  a  fodder  or  feed  is  the  prime  consideration  in 
Stock  feeding.  If,  houever,  stock  feeding  is  considered  in  its  true  relationship  to 
the  entire  farm  enterprise,  as  an  integral  part  thereof  and  not  as  a  matter  by 
itself,  the  plant  food  content  of  cattle  feeds  becomes  a  thing  of  great  importance. 
This  fact,  still  unrecognized  by  the  generality  of  western  farmers,  is  thoroughly 
appreciated  in  the  east  and  needs  no  advocacy  here.  While  the  general  proposi- 
tion is  agreed  to,  the  relationship  of  the  sundry  fodders  and  feeds  to  the  quality 
of  the  manure  is  not  so  char  to  many  farmers.  An  animal  voids  nothing  that 
it  does  not  eat  or  drink;  and  its  voidings  are  of  a  different  quality,  so  far  as 
plant  food  is  concerned,  in  proportion  to  the  variations  in  the  food  eaten.  Rich 
food  makes  rich  manure  and  poor  food,  poor  manure.  Clover  hay,  cotton-seed 
and  linseed  meals,  gluten  feed,  bran,  distillery  and  brewery  by-products,  etc., 
are  of  distinct  value  in  this  respect,  while  corn  meal  and  the  like  rank  relatively 
low.  It  should  not  be  supposed  that  every  particle  of  the  plant  food  contents 
of  a  feed  of  necessity  reach  the  soil.  More  or  less  will  become  available  to  plant 
growth  according  to  the  care  or  lack  of  care  with  which  the  manure  is  handled. 
It  is  fair  to  assume,  however,  that  the  losses  will  be  proportional,  regardless  of  the 
quality  of  the  manure.  To  the  farmer  who  carefully  observes  the  ivell  known 
methods  of  preserving  Tnanure  from  fermentation  and  leaching,  this  table  is  of 
importance.  To  him  who  does  not  try  to  follow  modern  methods  in  this  respect, 
it  has  much  less  value." — Fermont  Agricultural  E.xperiment  Station,  Burlington, 
Vt.,  Bui.  No.  152. 

"A  feed  is  valuable  not  only  for  the  effect  on  the  animal,  but  for  manure 
which  it  may  produce.  This  fact  is  not  generally  recognized  in  Texas.  By 
proper  methods  of  saving  the  manure,  it  ought  to  be  possible  to  save  50  per  cent, 
of  the  plant  food  in  the  feed.  Cotton-seed  meal  containing  7  per  cent,  nitrogen, 
has  a  fertilizer  valuation  of  $32.20  per  ton.  If  one-half  of  this  is  saved  it  iA 
$16.10  per  ton.  This  is  a  saving  not  to  be  despised.  The  profit  in  fattening 
animals  in  some  cases  lies  entirely  in  the  manure  saved  and  applied  to  ?naintain 
the  fertility  of  the  farm." — G.  S.  Fraps,  before  Cotton-Secd  Crushers'  Associa- 
tion, Houston,  July,  igi2. 

"The  person  ivho  feeds  cotton-seed  meal  intelligently,  and  utilizes  the 
manure,  can  pay  more  for  the  meal,  and  at  the  same  time  make  a  larger  profit 
than  a  man  who  allows  the  manure  to  go  to  waste.  This  is  the  reason  that  the 
European  farmer  can  afford  to  pay  ocean  freights,  and  a  variety  of  profits,  so 
that  the  cotton-seed  meal  costs  much  more  than  it  does  in  Texas,  and  yet  make 
a  greater  profit  than  the  Texas  farmer,  for  the  European  farmer  is  most  careful 
to  save  every  scrap  of  the  manure." — Dr.  G.  S.  Fraps,  Address  to  the  Cotton-Seed 
Crushers'  Association,  Houston,   Texas,  July,   igi2. 

"One  phase  of  great  importance  has  not  so  far  been  mentioned  in  connection 
with  the  feeding  of  meal  and  hulls  as  discussed  in  this  bulletin,  the  resulting  in- 
creased fertilizer  of  the  land.  Cotton-seed  meal  is  bought  in  this  State  and  applied 
directly  to  the  land  as  a  fertilizer.  Almost  all  of  the  fertilizing  value  of  the 
meal  remains  in  the  excreta  of  the  feeding  animals,  and  if  any  care  be  taken,  it 
may  be  readily  conserved  and  applied  to  the  land.  By  feeding  the  meal  to  profit- 
able beef  animals,  the  cost  of  the  meal  is  entirely  recovered  in  the  beef  animal 
and  a  profit  beside,  leaving  practically  all  the  fertility  of  the  rneal  to  be  scattered 
upon  the  farming  land  as  a  bonus  to  the  cattle  feeder." — Bui.  No.  12 1,  Missis- 
sippi Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Agricultural  College,  Miss. 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


131 


Fertilizer  Formulas. 
Under  condition  of  natural  growth  and  decay,  when  no  crops  are  gath- 
ered in,  or  consumed  on  the  land  by  livestock,  the  original  growth,  on  dying 
down  and  decaying  returns  to  the  soil  and  atmosphere  the  elements  taken 
from  them  during  life.  Under  cultivation,  a  succession  of  crops  deprives 
the  land  of  the  constituents  which  are  essential  to  healthy  growth,  without 
an  adequate  return  to  the  land  of  the  matters  removed  in  the  produce,  its 
fertility  cannot  be  maintained  for  many  years.  Where  land  is  plentiful 'and 
easy  to  be  obtained,  it  is  often  more  convenient  to  clear  fresh  land  than  to 
improve  more  or  less  exhausted  land  by  the  application  of  labor,  manure,  and 
skill.  This  much  however  remains  an  undisputed  fact,  that  continuous  crop- 
ping, without  return  of  manure,  aids  in  the  deterioration  of  the  soil,  and  is 
well  seen  in  the  case  of  the  wheat-growing  area  of  the  Northern  States.  The 
sooner  our  farmer  realizes  the  necessity  of  saving  this  capital  that  nature  has 
buried  in  the  soil  of  his  farm— before  its  partial  or  complete  exhaustion— 
the  better  off  he  will  be.  For  gradually  but  mercilessly  from  year  to  year 
the  productive  power  of  the  richest  virgin  soil  under  cultivation  decreases 
and  finally  must  reach  a  state  of  complete  exhaustion  without  the  timely 
application  of  manure  or  fertilizer. 

Fertilizer  Formulas. 
In  the  following  pages  will  be  found  fertilizer  formulas  for  some  of  the 
principal  crops. 


132 


FEEDING   FARM   ANIMALS 


Formulas  for  Cotton. 

The  following  formulas  for  cotton  are  the  result  of  careful  experiments 
by  trained  investigators  on  worn  soil.  Each  one  will  analyze  about  20 
pounds  of  nitrogen,  50  pounds  of  phosphoric  acid,  and  15  pounds  of  potash 
in  the  whole  formula.  Each  formula  represents  the  amount  to  be  applied 
per  acre  to  get  the  best  results: 


Muriate  of  Potash 20 

Acid   Phosphate    281 

Cotton-Seed  meal 286 


Wood  Ashes  (unleached)  .  .    164 

Acid   Phosphate    261 

Cotton-seed  meal    286 


lbs. 
lbs. 
lbs. 

lbs. 
lbs. 
lbs. 


Kainit    64         lbs. 

Acid   Phosphate    273         lbs. 

Cotton-seed  fneal    143         lbs. 

Cotton-seed 13  i-3  bus. 


Kainit    45         lbs. 

Acid   Phosphate    254         lbs. 

Cotton-seed    262-3  bus. 


Parish  Furman's  Famous  Formula. 

Pounds. 

Barn-yard  manure   750 

Cotton-seed    75o 

Acid  Phosphate   367 

Kainit   i33 

2,000 
Use  from  400  to  800  pounds  per  acre. 
A  Compost  Famous  in  Louisiana. 

Green  cotton-seed   100  bushels 

Stable  manure  100  bushels 

Acid  Phosphate   2,000  pounds 

Use  from  400  to  800  pounds  per  acre. 
The  Georgia  Experiment  Station  formula  for  cotton    (Colonel   Redding,   former  Director), 
has  been  tested  there  with  excellent  results.      It  is  as  follows : 

Acid   Phosphate    1,000  pounds 

Muriate  of  potash 75  pounds 

Cotton-seed  meal    700  pounds 

1,775  pounds 
Apply  so  as  to  get  from  200  to  500  pounds   of  acid  phosphate  per  acre. 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


133 


Fertilizer  for  Corn. 

Pounds 

Acid  phosphate,  i6  per  cent.  .  . .     1,200 

Cotton-seed  meal  600 

Muriate  of  potash 200 


2,000 


Broadcast  400  pounds  per  acre  o£  this  formula. 


Formulas   for  Wheat. 

The  formulas  are  given  of  different  materials  to  suit  the  convenience  of  different  people, 
living  in  difterent  localities;  but  all  are  so  calculated  as  to  contain  practically  the  same  amounts 
of  phosphoric  acid,  potash  and  nitrogen. 

The  quantities  given  in  each  formula  are  the  amounts  to  be  applied  per  acre. 


Kainit 64         lbs. 

Acid  Phosphate 137         lbs. 

Cotton-seed  meal    143         lbs. 

Cotton-seed 13  i-3  bus. 


Muriate  of  Potash 20 

Acid  Phosphate 140 

Cotton-seed  meal 286 


lbs. 
lbs. 
lbs. 


Unleached  wood  ashes 164         lbs. 

Acid  Phosphate 130         lbs. 

Cotton-seed  meal    286         lbs. 


Muriate  of  Potash 20         lbs. 

Acid  Phosphate 150         lbs. 

Nitrate  of  Soda 64         lbs. 

Cotton-seed 13  i-3  bus 


Fertilizer  for  Peaches. 

In  practice  it  is  recognized  tl>at  the  plant  does  not,  or  can  not,  make  use  of  every  pound  of 
plant  food  given  it,  and  that  there  is  considerable  waste  or  loss,  so  that  I  would  advise  for  peaches 
the  application  of  not  less  than  the  following  amounts  per  acre: 

Formula  Per  Acre  for  Peaches. 

Pounds 

Cotton-seed  meal   150 

Sulphate  potash   50 

Acid  Phosphate    50 

Of  course  it  is  impossible  to  give  a  formula  to  fit  all  cases.  The  grower  should  take  into 
consideration  the  age  of  his  trees,  and  consequently  the  amount  of  fruit  he  expects  to  remove  per 
acre;  also  the  number  of  trees  per  acre  and  the  character  of  his  soil,  whether  clay  or  sandy,  rich 
or  poor. 


134 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


Special  Formulas  for  Trucking  Crops. 

The  formulas  given  below  have  been  selected  mainly  from  some  of  the  trucking  bulletins 
of  the  North  Carolina  Agricultural  Experiment   Station ;  500  pounds  to  be  used  per  acre. 


For  Irish  Potatoes: 

300  lbs.  Nitrate  of  Soda. 


600  lbs. 
800  lbs. 
300  lbs. 


Cotton-seed  meal. 
Acid  Phosphate. 
Muriate  potash. 


For  Irish  Potatoes: 
300  lbs.  Nitrate  Soda. 
600  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal. 
800  lbs.  Acid  Phosphate,  13  pr.  ct. 
300  lbs.  Muriate  potash. 

For  Beets  and  Lettuce: 
300  lbs.  Nitrate  Soda. 
800  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal. 
600  lbs.  Acid  Phosphate,  13  pr.  ct. 
300  lbs.  Muriate  potash. 

For    Cabbage,    Cauliflower,    Cucumbers 
and  Melons: 
300  lbs.  Nitrate  Soda. 
750  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal. 
700  lbs.  Acid  Phosphate,  12  pr.  ct. 
250  lbs.  Muriate  potash. 

For  Spinach: 

300  lbs.  Nitrate  of  Soda. 
500  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal. 
1,000  lbs.  Acid  Phosphate,  14  pr.  ct. 
200  lbs.  Muriate  potash. 

For  Radishes  and  Turnips: 
250  lbs.  Nitrate  Soda. 
550  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal. 
900  lbs.  Acid  Phosphate,  13  pr.  ct. 
300  lbs.  Muriate  potash. 


For  Asparagus: 

200  lbs.  Nitrate  Soda. 

700  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal. 

800  lbs.  Acid  Phosphate,  13  pr.  ct. 

300  lbs.  Muriate  potash. 

For  Egg  Plant  and  Tomatoes: 
200  lbs.  Nitrate  of  Soda. 
700  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal. 
840  lbs.  Acid  Phosphate,  13  pr.  ct. 
260  lbs.  Muriate  potash. 

For  Onions: 
200  lbs.  Nitrate  Soda. 
750  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal. 
750  lbs.  Acid  Phosphate,  11  pr.  ct. 
300  lbs.  Muriate  potash. 

For  Sweet  Potatoes: 

100  lbs.  Nitrate  Soda. 
500  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal. 
1,100  lbs.  Acid  Phosphate,  13  pr.  ct. 
300  lbs.     Muriate  potash. 

For  Beans  and  Peas: 

100  lbs.  Nitrate  Soda. 
450  lbs.  Cotton-seed  meal. 
1,200  lbs.  Acid  Phosphate,  11  pr.  ct. 
300  lbs.  Muriate  potash. 

Serial  No.  57,  Georgia  Department 
of  Agriculture,  1911-1912. 


The  use  of  cotton-seed  or  cotton-seed  meals  as  a  fertilizer  is  of  course 
a  wasteful  method  if  applied  direct  to  the  soil.  Manure  of  cotton-seed  fed 
animals  should  be  used  in  its  place,  using  twice  the  amount  given  in  the 
formulas. 


Chapter  XII. 


Effect  of  Locality  on 
Feeding  Rations 


136  FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 

Cotton-seed  as  a  Feeding  Stuff. 
The  composition  of  cotton-seed  and  cotton-seed  meal  is  about  as  follows: 

Carbohydrates 
Feed  Protein        Fat       Crude  Fiber    Nitrogen-free  extract 

Cotton-seed    18.4%        20^0  23.2%  24.7% 

Cotton-seed  meal  or  cake     44%  8%  7%  2\°/o 

As  might  be  expected  cotton-seeds  are  more  difficult  of  digestion  than 
the  meal  or  cake  because  of  the  greater  per  cent,  of  fat  in  the  seed.  Carbo- 
hydrates are  digested  in  the  mouth  and  intestines  by  ferments  in  the  saliva 
and  the  pancreatic  juice.  Fats  are  digested  in  the  intestines  by  the  ferments 
of  the  pancreatic  juice.  The  proteins  are  digested  in  the  stomach  by  the  fer- 
ments of  the  gastric  juice.  Easily  digestible  carbohydrates  and  fats  tend  to 
stop  the  digestion  of  proteins  in  the  stomach,  which  may  cause  digestive  ail- 
ments. Upon  this  point  Prof.  Pavlov  in  his  work  on  "The  Work  of  the 
Digestive  Glands"  makes  the  following  statement: 

'Wo  less  instructive  is  a  comparison  of  the  results  of  our  experiments  upon 
fat  with  the  dictates  of  instinct  and  also  with  the  precepts  of  dietetics  and  thera- 
peutics. Everybody  knoivs  that  fatty  foods  are  heavy,  that  is,  difficult  of  diges- 
tion, and  in  the  case  of  iveak  stomachs  they  are  usually  avoided.  We  can  now 
understand  this  physiologically.  The  existence  of  fat  in  large  quantities  in  the 
chyme  (in  the  stomach)  restrains,  in  its  oicn  interest,  the  further  secretion  of 
gastric  juice,  and  thus  impedes  the  digestion  of  protein  substances;  consequently, 
a  combination  of  fat  and  protein-holding  foods  is  particularly  difficult  to  digest, 
and  can  only  be  borne  by  those  who  have  good  stomachs  and  keen  appetites." 

This  is  not  only  so  with  fatty  foods  in  general,  but  it  has  been  showni  to 
be  so  in  actual  feeding  experiments  with  cotton-seed.  The  comparative  di- 
gestibility of  the  two  feeds  have  been  determined  by  Prof.  Bailey  which  may 
be  seen  upon  another  page  and  is  as  follows: 

Digestibility  of 

Feed  Protein        Fiber  \itrogen-free  Extract  Fat 

Cotton-seed    68%          75%  50%  87% 

Cotton-seed    meal 88%  55%  60%  93%> 

Hence  in  feeding  cotton-seed  there  is  a  loss  of  20  per  cent,  protein,  lo 
per  cent,  nitrogen-free  extract,  and  6  per  cent,  fat,  but  a  gain  of  20  per  cent, 
crude  fiber  which  is  of  very  little  value  as  a  feed  any^vay,  especially  since 
cotton-seed  meal  contains  only  5.6  per  cent,  of  fiber,  w^hereas  the  cotton-seed 
contains  23  per  cent,  fiber.  The  real  expensive  part  of  food  is  protein.  The 
protein  lost  in  feeding  cotton-seed  is  equal  to  the  total  amount  of  protein  in 
corn. 

Feeding    Rations.      Effect  of  Locality. 

It  is  perfectly  natural  that  feed  indigenous  to  particular  localities  should 
be  used  in  such  localities  to  the  largest  possible  extent,  unless  a  better  or 
cheaper  feed  can  be  imported.  Louisiana  utilizes  its  blackstrap  molasses, 
Vermont  and  New  York  their  apples;  Colorado  its  beets;  Canada  its  linseed 
oil  cake;  New  Mexico  its  prickly  pear;  Germany  its  brewers'  grains;  Ire- 
land its  potatoes.     The  list  could  be  continued.     The  following  pages  show 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS  137 

some  of  the  rations  that  have  been  made  and  used  in  a  few  of  such  localities 
and  made  the  basis  of  experimental  feeding  at  the  several  Agricultural  Ex- 
periment Stations  mentioned  herewith. 

The  point  is  that  cotton-seed  meal  is  used  as  a  part  of  nearly  every 
ration  for  farm  live  stock  in  all  civilized  countries  when  it  is  necessary  to 
buy  a  food  rich  in  protein.  And  still  it  is  not  used  in  as  large  quantities  as 
its  value  would  justify,  even  in  cotton  countries. 

Louisiana  Bulletin  No.   115. 
Agricultural   Experiment  Station,  Baton   Rouge,  La. 

The  following  two  sample  rations  will  serve  to  illustrate  how  they  may 
be  compounded;  the  first  ration  being  for  a  cow  weighing  1,000  pounds,  and 
producing,  daily,  20  pounds  of  milk,  showing  3  per  cent,  butter  fat: 


Lbs. 

1  Cotton-seed   meal . . .  . 

2  Corn  and  cob  meal .  . 

Dry  Matter 
lbs. 
.92 

1.70 

Protein 
lbs. 

•37 
.09 

Carbohydrates 
lbs. 

•17 
1.20 

Fat 
lbs. 
.12 
.06 

1 2  Sweet  potatoes 

16  Mixed    hay 

3.48 
14-74 

.1 1 

•94 

2.64 
6.54 

.04 
•  19 

The  maintenance  requirement  for  this   1,000-pound  cow  would  be: 

Protein  CarboJiydrates  Fat 

.7  7.0  .1 

If  these  amounts  are  deducted  from  the  totals  of  those  given  in  the 
ration,  then  the  remainder  will  represent  the  nutrients  required  by  the  cow 
for  milk  production. 

Sample  ration  No.  2  is  for  a  cow  of  similar  weight  and  milk  produc- 
tion, but  which  latter  shows  5  per  cent,  butter  fat.     (See  table)  : 

Dry  Matter        Protein         Carbohydrates  Fat 

Lbs.                                                       lbs.  lbs.  lbs.  lbs. 

2^/2  Cotton-seed   meal    .  .  .            2.30  .93  .42  .31 

I  Corn  and  cob  meal ...              .85  .04  .60  .03 

6  Sweet    potatoes 1.74  .05  1.32  .02 

12  Mixed  hay 10.45  -7^  4-9i  -14 

7  Blackstrap   Molasses,-, ^-46  .00  4.62  .00 

20.80  1.73  11.87  -50 

Michigan  State  Agricultural  College,  Bulletin  261.     Rations  for  Steers. 
Grain  Mixture  E. 

Beet  Pulp 3  parts 

Corn  and  Cob  Meal 2     " 

Oil  Cake I      " 

Cotton   Seed   Meal i      " 

Storrs  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Storrs,  Conn. 

A  ration  of  concentrated  feeds  has  been  used  at  this  station  composed 
of  the  following: 

400  pounds  bran, 

100  pounds  corn  meal, 

200  pounds  middlings, 

100  pounds  oil-meal. 


No. 

I. 

No. 

2. 

No. 

3. 

No. 

4- 

No. 

5. 

No. 

6. 

No. 

7- 

138  FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 

Vermont  Agricultural   Experiment  Station,    Bulletin  No.  iig. 

Wheat  bran; 4  parts;  cotton-seed  meal,  i  part;  linseed  meal,  i  part. 

Wheat  bran,  4  parts ;  India  wheat,  2  parts. 

Wheat  bran,  2  parts;  cotton-seed  meal,   1  part;  linseed  meal,   i   part; 

India  wheat,  2  parts. 
Wheat  bran,  4  parts ;  hominy  feed,  2  parts. 
Wheat  bran,  2  parts;  cotton-seed  meal,   i   part;  linseed  meal,   i  part; 

hominy  feed,  2  parts. 
Wheat  bran,  2  parts;  cotton-seed  meal,  i  part. 
Wheat  bran,  2  parts;  linseed  meal,  i  part. 

Speaking  of  the  production  of  milk  the  following  statement  occurs  in 
this  bulletin: 

Cotton-seed  and  linseed  meals  have  been  standard  feeds  for  several  dec- 
ades. Their  position  in  the  feeding  world  is  well  established  and,  as  "good 
wine  needs  no  bush,"  so  they  ought  to  need  no  further  demonstration  of 
their  merits.     Yet  they  are  still  too  little  used. 

The  outcome  is  clear  again  here  and  all  in  one  direction,  namely,  a  2  to 
3  per  cent,  loss  in  production  when  linseed  meal  replaced  the  cotton-seed,  and 
a  4  to  5  per  cent,  loss  in  proportion  to  dry  matter  eaten. 

In  these  trials  cotton-seed  meal,  even  the  relatively  poor  grade  fed,  won 
out  handily  as  compared  w^th  linseed  meal.  Yet  the  writer  believes  that  the 
latter  is  an  advisable  concomitant  to  use  with  cotton-seed,  because  of  its  lax- 
ative properties. 

The  Cornell  Reading-Courses,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
Feeding  Standards. 

The  requirements  of  animals  as  to  amount  of  necessary  nutrients  for 
such  purposes  as  milk  production,  beef  production,  labor  production,  and 
the  like,  as  well  as  the  relation  between  these  nutrients,  have  been  the  sub- 
ject of  much  inquiry.  Investigators  have  sought  to  put  these  requirements 
into  definite  form.  They  have  given  to  this  table  of  requirements  the  name 
"feeding  standards."  The  standards  are  merely  a  statement  of  the  necessary 
amount  of  nutriment  required  by  an  animal  for  a  given  purpose  for  a  certain 
length  of  time.  They  are  based  on  the  requirements  for  1,000  pounds  live 
weight  in  24  hours.  The  requirements  are  usually  stated  in  terms  of  dry 
matter,  digestible  protein,  digestible  carbohydrates  (fiber  plus  nitrogen-free 
extract),  and  digestible  fat. 

Calculating  in  detail  from  Table  i,  the  amounts  of  dry  matter,  digesti- 
ble nutrients,  and  total  nutriment  in  the  several  foods  in  the  suggested  ration 
are  as  follows: 

Dry 
Food  Matter 

10  lbs.  Red  clover  hay.. .  8.47 

30  lbs.  Corn  silage 7.92 

5  lbs.  Corn  and  cob  meal  4.25 

4  lbs.  Gluten  feed 3.63 

I   lb.  Cotton-seed  meal.  .93 

Total 25.20  2.578  3-220  10.146  .747       17625 


Digestible 

Di- 

Total 

Digestible 

Digestible 

Nitrogen- 

gestible 

Nutri- 

Protein 

Fiber 

Free  Extract 

Fat 

ment 

.710 

1.340 

2.440 

.180 

4.895 

.420 

1.500 

2.760 

.210 

5-153 

.220 

.150 

2.850 

•145 

3.546 

.852 

.208 

1.904 

.116 

3.225 

.376 

.022 

.192 

.096 

.806 

FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS  139 

Purdue  University,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Lafayette,  Ind. 
Bulletin  136. 

The   Value   of   Corn   Silage,   Cotton-seed    Meal  and  Clover  Hay  for  Fattening  Two 

Year  Old  Steers. 

With  this  object  in  view  the  tests  reported  in  Part  II  of  this  bulletin 
vveie  conducted.     The  following  rations  were  used: 

Shelled  corn  and  clover  hay. 

Shelled  corn,  cotton-seed  meal  and  clover  hay. 

Shelled  corn,  cotton-seed  meal  and  corn  silage. 

Shelled  corn,  cotton-seed  meal,  clover  hay  and  com  silage. 

The  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  the  Colorado  Agricultural  College. 

Bulletin  73. 

Rations  With  Beet  Pulp.     Fattening  Cattle  Weighing  1,000  Pounds. 
First  Period. 


Standard    Ration 

Alfalfa    15  lbs, 

Beet   pulp 75   ' 

Cotton-seed   meal 

23.1  2.85  1 1. 71  0.42  1:4.4 

Storrs   Agricultural   Experiment   Station   Bulletin  No.  73. 

The  medium  or  standard  daily  ration  has  a  nutritive  ratio  of  1 15.5  and  is 
made  up  as  follows: 

Daily  Ration  for  Each  Calf,  by  Monthly  Periods,  from  Dec.  7,  1910,  to  March  29, 

35  lbs.  silage. 

12  lbs.  mixed  hay. 

2  lbs.  wheat  bran. 

2  lbs.  corn  meal. 

2  lbs.  gluten. 

2  lbs,  cotton-seed  meal. 

Fifty-two  calves  were  used  in  the  second  experiment. 
Cotton-seed  meal,   cotton-seed  hulls,  and  mixed  cowpea  hay  were  the 
feeds  used. 

The  feeds  were  valued  as  follows: 

Cotton-seed  meal,  per  ton $26.00 

Cotton-seed  hulls,  per  ton 7.00 

Mixed  pea-vine  hay,  per  ton.  .  .         15.00 


Dry 

Carbo- 

Nutri- 

Matter 

Protein 

hydrates 

Fat 

tive  Ratio 

30 

2.5 

15.0 

0.5 

1:6.5 

5  lbs. 

13-7 

1.65 

5-94 

0.18 

75   " 

7-6 

0.45 

5.47 

2  " 

1.8 

0.75 

0.3 

0.24 

140  FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 

Daily   Ration   for  a   Dairy  Cow. 
1911. 

i^cnod                                    Cotton-Set  J  Meal  Cotton-Seed  Hulls  Hay 

Pounds                        Pounds  Pounds 

First  28  days 2.84                            10.20  o 

2nd     28     "     3.1  I                            10.40  2.04 

3rd     28     "     3.27                              9.94  2.04 

4th     28     "     3.09                             9.50  1.92 

Price  realized  on  each  ton  cotton-seed  meal,  prices  of  other  feeds  being 
fixed,  $46.32. 

Price  realized  on  each  ton  cotton-seed  hulls,  prices  of  other  feeds  being 
fixed,  $13.24." 

Bui.  14J,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  U.  S.  Depart fiient  of  Agricul- 
ture, IQI2;  Fattening  Calves  in  Alabama. 

So-called  Stock  Food. 

"//  is  not  easy  to  regard  the  claims  made  by  some  manufacturers  in  a  serious 
frame  of  mind.  It  does  not  seem  as  if  any  intelligent  rrian  ivould  give  them  cre- 
dence. It  were  quite  as  rational  to  expect  that  one  sovereign  remedy  uould  build 
up  a  'white  mans  hope'  and  at  the  same  time  control  and  cure  rheumatism,  ear- 
ache, and  clergyman's  sore  throat,  as  to  look  for  increased  milk  in  cows,  faster 
speed  in  horses,  more  eggs  laid  by  hens,  and  for  the  cure  of  glanders  in  horses, 
abortion  in  cows  and  scours  in  calves,  as  a  result  of  the  use  of  one  and  the  same 
powder.  Someiihat  less  stress  is  laid  by  most  manufacturers  today  on  their  food 
properties  than  formerly  and  more  stress  on  their  medicinal  properties.  Yet  a 
typical  advertisement  in  the  March,  IQI2,  number  of  a  prominent  agricultural 
paper,  one  which  fills  the  entire  back  cover  page  and  xihich  lies  before  the  uriter 
as  he  urites,  uses  the  catch  ivords,  'Let  me  fatten  'em  up,'  and  states  that  the 
goods  which  the  advertisement  vaunts  'doubles  the  milk  and  butter,  ivhen  fed  to 
milch  cons  .  .  .  fattens  hogs  and  beef  cattle  for  market  in  40  days'  less  time 
as  an  egg  maker    .     .     .     doubles  the  egg  supply.' 

Sometimes,  however,  an  animal  is  slightly  ailing,  or  is  'off  feed,'  hardly  sick 
enough  to  necessitate  a  veterinarian's  service.  Under  such  circumstances  stock 
foods  or  tonics  may  perhaps  prove  efficacious;  but  it  is  not  essential  that  high 
priced  proprietary  condimental  mixtures  be  used  to  remedy  this  situation.  The 
feeder  can  buy  the  drugs  at  the  drug  store  and  formulate  his  own  tonic,  can  save 
money  by  doing  so,  and  can  use  definite  quantities  of  definite  materials  rather 
than  unknown  proportions  of  a  more  or  less  mysterious,  but  usually  diluted, 
mixture. 

The  loiia  station  suggests  this  simple  mixture,  the  preceding  one  being 
offered  apparently  largely  for  the  purpose  of  matching  up  the  medley  of  materials 
usually  employed  by  manufacturers  for  this  purpose: 

"Powdered  gentian i  pound 

Powdered  ginger   i  pound 

Fenugreek    5  pounds 

Common  salt   10  pounds 

Bran    50  pounds 

Oil  meal    5°  pounds" 

— Bulletin  No.  164,  Vermont  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Burlington,  Ft., 
March,  jgi2. 


FEEDING       FARM      ANIMALS 


141 


Standard  bred  mare  Lucy  Princeton  with  her  foal  b>  Chester 
Tine.  Lucv  Princeton  has  been  fed  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls 
for  years,  and  in  foaling  this  colt  brought  twins— both  m 
perfect  form. 


142 


FEEDING        FARM      ANIMALS 


Range  Cattle  Feeding 

Daily  Ration  for  Fattening  Range   Cattle. 

Cotton-seed   meal    5  lbs. 

Sorghum    hay,    caffir    corn,    or    milo 

maize    35  lbs. 

The  hay,  kaffir  corn  stalk,  or  milo  maize  stalk  should  be  dried,  chopped 
and  ground  fine  and  then  mixed  with  the  cotton-seed  meal. 


FEEDING   FARM   ANIMALS 


143 


A    Modern    Cotton-seed    Oil    Mill  with    Cattle 

Pens  and  Feed  Distribution  Facilities  in 

Connection  at  Stamford,  Texas. 


Stamford  Oil   Mill. 


Mill    Buildings    Showing    Storage    Bins    for   Mixed    Feed. 


Distributor   Car  Taking   Load   of   Mixed   Feed,    Capacity 
20,000  Lbs. 


144 


FEEDING   FARM   ANIMALS 


Showing    Feed    Distributing    Car,    Capacity    50,000    Lbs. 
Per  Hour. 


Ihoroughiy  satisHed  cattle  happily  growing  fat  on  Mixed 
Cotton-seed  Meal  and  Hulls.  The  feeding  period  is 
from  75  to  100  days.  During  this  time  wild  cattle 
direct  from  the  range  are  converted  into  fat  and 
sleek  beeves,  ready  to  "top"  any  market.  Thousands 
of  them  go  to  all  the  markets  of  this  and  foreign 
countries  every  year,  and  prove,  in  their  entire  health- 
fulness  and  excellent  condition  the  pre-eminent  excel- 
lence of  the  feed.  No  other  feed,  either  in  time  or 
cost,    can     accomplish     anything    like    equal     result 


^:^i&n^^^ 


Hulls  and  Meal 

COTTON- SEED  HULLS  have  more  nutritive  value  than 
most  common  hay,  which  costs  50  per  cent  more,  is  more  con- 
venient to  handle,  is  perfectly  free  from  dust  or  foreign  matter 
and  is  healthful  and  appetizing. 

COTTON -SEED  MEAL  is  the  most  concentrated  and 
richest  food  known,  has  about  six  times  the  nutritive  value  of 
corn  and  more  than  four  times  that  of  Wheat  Bran,  while  its 
cost  is  one  and  a  half  times  that  of  either. 

THE  MIXED  FEED  forms  a  "Balanced  Ration,"  giving 
better  results,  increased  milk  and  butter  production  in  Cows, 
and  in  Flesh,  Fat  and  general  condition  in  all  animals,  and  for 
Cattle,  Horses  or  Hogs,  will  reduce  your  feed  bills  and 

GIVES  BETTER  BiESULTS  THAN  ANY 
OTHER  FEED  IN  THE  WORLD. 


"Keep  your  money  at  home  where  you  can  get 
another  chance  at  it.  When  you  send  your  money 
away  for  feed  it  is  gone  for  good.  When  you  pay  it 
out  to  the  home  mill  for  home  products  it  is  paid  out 
again  for  home-grown  seed  or  home  labor,  and  we  all  get 
another  whack  at  it,  and  some  of  it  sticks  every  tirie." 


THIS  BOOK  is  printed  by  the 

Bureau  of  Publicity 

of  the 

Interstate  Cotton-Seed  Crushers 
Association 

For  the  purpose  of  disseminating  a  wider  and  a  better 
knowledge  of  the 

Real  Value  of  Cotton-Seed  Products 

and  for  the  benefit  of  all  who  are  interested  in  the  agri- 
cultural welfare  of  our  country,  and  particularly  in  the 

Feeding  of  Farm  Animals 

It  is  far  more  than  an  advertising  medium  and  the  state- 
ments in  it  are  without  exception  a  record  of  the  results 
of  actual  experience,  for  the  most  part  from  recognized 
and  disinterested  authorities,  and  for  their 

Truth  and  Conservatism 

readers  are  respectfully  referred  to  any  of  the 

Agricultural  Colleges  or  Experiment 
Stations 

who  have  done  and  are  doing  so  much  to  lift  AGRI- 
CULTURE and  FEEDING  from  drudgery  and  guess- 
work to  an 

Exact  and  Elevating  Science 

Additional  Copies  will  be  cheerfully  Furnished  Free  of 
Cost  to  all  Farmers  and  Feeders,  or  to  those  interested 
in  these  subjects,  upon  application  to 

JO  W.  ALLISON,  Chairman 

The  Bure.uj  of  PuMicity 

Intersiate  Coilon-Seed  Crushers  Association 

608  Main  Street,  Dallas,  Texas 


